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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Sep 8;107:215–228. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.009

Fig. 2. ACC connectivity in rodents is organized to integrate complex sensory, cognitive, and emotional information.

Fig. 2.

Left, Schematic of cortical layers in the rodent ACC. Cortical layers are color-coded. CC stands for corpus callosum. Right, Summary of connections of individual ACC layers with other brain areas involved in sensation, cognition, affect/arousal, and neuromodulation, based on anatomical tracing and electrophysiology studies (Aston-Jones and Waterhouse, 2016; Bissière et al., 2008; Cruikshank et al., 2012; Gabbott et al., 2005; Hoover and Vertes, 2007; Kamigaki, 2018; Lee et al., 2005; Little and Carter, 2012; Sara and Hervé-Minvielle, 1995; Vertes, 2004). Thicker and thinner arrows represent stronger and weaker connections, respectively. While stronger sensory inputs to the ACC tend to arrive through the supragranular layers 2/3, and stronger outputs originate in the infragranular layer 5, cells in both supragranular and infragranular layers also form extensive reciprocal connections with many brain areas involved in sensation, cognition, affect/arousal, and neuromodulation. The strong reciprocal connectivity of the ACC with this extended network may be optimal for integrating different types of information, including social and environmental cues, to facilitate observational learning.