Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of Anganwadi Workers (AWW), Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA), and maternal household respondents as part of the ICT-CCS intervention trial in Saharsa, Bihar, 2012-2014*
| Baseline (May-June 2012) |
Post-implementation (July-August 2014) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control |
Inter-vention |
P-value |
Control |
Inter-vention |
P-value |
|
|
AWWs |
n = 136 |
n = 152 |
n = 134 |
n = 153 |
||
| Lives in village she serves (%) |
97 |
97 |
1.00 |
98 |
97 |
1.00 |
| Mean age in years (SD) |
35.5 (6.8) |
35.5 (6.1) |
0.49 |
36.0 (6.2) |
36.6 (6.5) |
0.48 |
| Hindu (%) |
97 |
97 |
1.00 |
97 |
97 |
0.85 |
| Caste (among Hindus only) (%): | ||||||
| -Scheduled caste/tribe (SC/ST) (lowest caste) |
9 |
3 |
0.09 |
8 |
3 |
0.22 |
| -Other backward caste (socially and educationally disadvantaged) |
62 |
72 |
68 |
69 |
||
| -General caste |
29 |
25 |
24 |
28 |
||
| Highest grade education standard (median, IQR) † |
12 (2) |
12 (2) |
0.72 |
12 (4) |
12 (0) |
0.88 |
|
ASHAs |
n = 118 |
n = 167 |
n = 122 |
n = 163 |
||
| Lives in village she serves (%) |
98 |
98 |
1.00 |
99 |
99 |
1.00 |
| Mean age in years (SD) |
33.3 (6.0) |
33.4 (6.1) |
0.96 |
34.4 (6.5) |
34.3 (6.0) |
0.83 |
| Hindu (%) |
98 |
95 |
0.20 |
95 |
95 |
1.00 |
| Caste (among Hindus only) (%): | ||||||
| -Scheduled caste/tribe (SC/ST) (lowest caste) |
14 |
12 |
0.61 |
13 |
10 |
0.93 |
| -Other backward caste (socially and educationally disadvantaged) |
64 |
66 |
68 |
66 |
||
| -General caste |
22 |
22 |
18 |
23 |
||
| Highest education standard (median, IQR)† |
9 (2) |
10 (2) |
0.211 |
10 (2) |
10 (2) |
0.01 |
|
Maternal respondents |
n = 790 |
n = 769 |
n = 809 |
n = 744 |
||
| Hindu (%) |
91 |
93 |
0.09 |
90 |
90 |
0.99 |
| Scheduled caste/tribe (among Hindus only) (%) |
51 |
53 |
0.38 |
55 |
48 |
0.01 |
| Household Size (median, IQR)† |
5 (2) |
5 (3) |
0.34 |
5 (2) |
5 (3) |
<0.01 |
|
Age (years, %): | ||||||
| 15-19 |
2 |
3.0 |
0.66 |
7 |
9 |
0.18 |
| 20-24 |
42 |
40 |
42 |
44 |
||
| 25-29 |
39 |
41 |
34 |
34 |
||
| 30-34 |
12 |
11 |
13 |
10 |
||
| 35-49 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
||
| Mean age in years (SD) |
25.4 (0.2) |
25.4 (0.2) |
0.78 |
24.8 (0.2) |
25.4 (0.2) |
0.04 |
|
Birth parity (%): | ||||||
| 1 child |
32.8 |
35.1 |
0.77 |
38.4 |
34.8 |
0.48 |
| 2 children |
29.6 |
27.8 |
27.9 |
30.5 |
||
| 3 children |
18.7 |
18.7 |
17.1 |
17.2 |
||
| 4 or more children |
18.9 |
18.3 |
16.6 |
17.5 |
||
| Ever attended school (%) |
75 |
69 |
<0.01 |
63 |
54 |
<0.01 |
| Literate (%) |
26 |
32 |
0.01 |
33 |
40 |
0.01 |
| Below Poverty Line Card (%) |
58 |
57 |
0.54 |
73 |
65 |
<0.01 |
|
Socioeconomic status quartile (%):‡ | ||||||
| 1 |
25 |
22 |
0.04 | 20 |
14 |
0.01 |
| 2 |
31 |
28 |
28 |
30 |
||
| 3 |
27 |
28 |
29 |
33 |
||
| 4 | 17 | 22 | 23 | 22 | ||
AWW – Anganwadi Workers, ASHA – Accredited Social Health Activists, ICT-CCS – Information Communication Technology-Continuum of Care Service, IQR – inter-quartile range, SD – standard deviation
*Results at baseline and post-implementation represent two cross-sectional samples. Results are presented without adjusting for survey design. P-values reflect results from χ2 (categorical variables) or t tests (continuous variables), unless otherwise noted; Fisher exact tests were calculated if any cell size for a comparison was <5.
†Wilcoxon rank-sum test used due to non-normal data distribution.
‡Socioeconomic status quartile: Lowest quartile is the poorest. See Methods for further information.