Table 4.
Differences attributable to the ICT-CCS intervention on selected indicators reported by maternal household respondents as part of the ICT-CCS intervention trial in Saharsa, Bihar 2012-2014*
| Baseline† (May-June 2012) |
Post-implementation† (July-August 2014) |
Percent difference attributable to ICT-CCS‡ |
P-value |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Modeled outcome |
Control |
Intervention |
P-value |
Control |
Intervention |
P-value |
||
|
Antenatal care: | ||||||||
| At least 3 antenatal home visits (%) |
24 |
37 |
<0.01 |
29 |
48 |
0.05 |
6.6 |
0.31 |
| 2 or more home visits in last trimester (%) |
36 |
35 |
0.83 |
42 |
51 |
<0.01 |
10.7 |
0.04 |
| At least 2 tetanus toxoid injections (%) |
94 |
95 |
0.66 |
89 |
94 |
0.05 |
3.8 |
0.22 |
| Consumed at least 90 iron-folic acid tablets (%) |
10 |
15 |
0.03 |
11 |
17 |
<0.01 |
0.4 |
1.00 |
| Received iron-folic acid tablets by month 4 (%) |
22 |
28 |
0.09 |
15 |
20 |
<0.01 |
-0.9 |
0.89 |
|
Home visits after delivery: | ||||||||
| At least one home visit within 24 h of delivery, among women who had a home delivery (%) |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
35 |
34 |
0.90 |
N/A |
N/A |
| Any visit in the first week (%) |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
60 |
72 |
<0.01 |
N/A |
N/A |
| Any visit after first week but before first month (ie, weeks 2-4) (%) |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
45 |
48 |
0.10 |
N/A |
N/A |
| Total number of home visits in the first month (mean) (%) |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
1.8 |
2.1 |
0.14 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Delivery and newborn care: | ||||||||
| Facility delivery (%) |
77 |
76 |
0.80 |
84 |
85 |
0.93 |
2.1 |
0.65 |
| Nothing applied to the umbilical cord (%) |
26 |
23 |
0.22 |
33 |
31 |
0.69 |
2.4 |
0.53 |
| Bath delayed by at least 2 days (%) |
45 |
41 |
0.26 |
48 |
44 |
0.33 |
-0.10 |
0.90 |
| Skin-to-skin care (%) |
25 |
17 |
0.03 |
58 |
63 |
0.02 |
13.4 |
<0.01 |
| Immediate breastfeeding (within 1 hours of delivery) (%) |
47 |
44 |
0.58 |
62 |
74 |
<0.01 |
14.7 |
<0.01 |
|
Exclusive breastfeeding: | ||||||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding in past 24 h, among infants <6 months old (%)§ |
64 |
60 |
0.23 |
70 |
67 |
0.73 |
1.7 |
0.67 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months, among infants ≥6 months old (%) |
38 |
34 |
0.25 |
61 |
62 |
0.63 |
4.5 |
0.31 |
|
Complementary feeding, among infants ≥6 months old: | ||||||||
| Any home visit related to complementary feeding (%) |
1 |
2 |
0.11 |
37 |
46 |
0.02 |
8.3 |
0.62 |
| Eats solid or semisolid food (%) |
64 |
57 |
0.17 |
55 |
63 |
0.03 |
16.2 |
0.01 |
| Began eating solid food by age 6 months (%) |
52 |
39 |
0.02 |
32 |
39 |
0.06 |
20.8 |
<0.01 |
| Fed solid/semisolid food in previous day (%) |
53 |
50 |
0.65 |
51 |
58 |
0.04 |
10.8 |
0.11 |
| Appropriate frequency of cereal-based feedings (%)‖ |
27 |
31 |
0.26 |
32 |
39 |
0.10 |
2.6 |
0.79 |
|
Immunizations, among infants ≥6 months old:¶ | ||||||||
| Received DPT3 (%) |
63 |
65 |
0.62 |
77 |
79 |
0.96 |
0 |
0.97 |
| Fully immunized (except measles) (%) |
40 |
41 |
0.75 |
55 |
59 |
0.51 |
3.4 |
0.68 |
|
Family planning and reproductive health: | ||||||||
| Any home visit about family planning or postpartum health (%)** |
14 |
12 |
0.39 |
27 |
30 |
0.26 |
6.6 |
0.17 |
| Current use of temporary methods of contraception (child age ≥6months) (%)† |
8 |
8 |
0.80 |
11 |
10 |
0.49 |
2.8 |
0.55 |
| Current use of any modern method of contraception (%)‡‡ | 18 | 19 | 0.82 | 28 | 35 | 0.03 | 6.5 | 0.11 |
N/A – not available, ICT-CCS – ICT-CCS – Information Communication Technology-Continuum of Care Service, DPT3 – diptheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine
*Analyses of all women included a maximum of 790 women from control and 769 from intervention villages at baseline, and 809 from control and 744 from intervention villages at post-implementation The respective maximum numbers of women with an infant <6 months old were 341, 344, 302 and 291. The respective numbers of women with an infant ≥6 months old were 417, 399, 490, 437. Table S1 in Online Supplementary Document shows the exact number of maternal respondents from whom data was available for each outcome. In Table 3, survey-weighted percentages and counts are reported, to account for the survey design. Regression models were performed that accounted for village as the primary sampling unit and sub-center as the primary stratum within the sampling unit, with proportional sampling weights at the maternal respondent/household level. All models were adjusted for maternal age, household size, whether a woman belonged to a scheduled caste or tribe, literacy, lack of formal education, having a Below Poverty Line card, and socioeconomic status (SES) quartile.
†Separate regression models were conducted for each outcome, at baseline and post-implementation; P-values reflect comparisons of the intervention and control groups, at each time point.
‡In order to estimate the effect of the intervention on a particular outcome, we conducted a separate regression model for each outcome that included all maternal respondents. These models each contained a term representing time (baseline or post-implementation), a term representing treatment (intervention or control), and an interaction of these two terms, which is represented by the difference in difference estimator (DID) and its P value. The DID reflects treatment effects (positive values reflect the amount of improvement attributable to the intervention).
§Based on reports of liquids and solids fed to children younger than 6 months in the previous 24 h, following the recommended definition of the World Health Organization.
‖Defined as 2 or more times for children 6-8 months of age and 3 or more times for children 9-11 months of age.
¶Vaccination was reported based on immunization card or self-report.
**Includes discussions on excessive vaginal bleeding, severe pain in lower abdomen, high fever, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
††Defined as use of birth control pills, condoms, injectables, or an IUD.
‡‡Defined as use of male or female sterilization, birth control pills, condoms, injectables, or an IUD.