Table 1. Key adverse effects pertaining to some PPARα/γ dual agonists in bench and clinical studies.

PPARα/γ Dual Agonists	Adverse Effects
Muraglitazar	Oedema, congestive heart failure, and major adverse cardiovascular events like myocardial infarction, stroke and transient ischemic attack in diabetic patients [9, 18].
Naveglitazar	Hypertrophic and proliferative effects on the urothelium in rats [19].
Tesaglitazar	Elevation of serum creatinine, increase in body weight and peripheral oedema, and reduction in glomerular filtration rate in type 2 diabetic patients [21-23].
Ragaglitazar	Carcinogenic effect in the rodent urinary bladder urothelium [24].
Aleglitazar	It increases the risks of heart failure, renal dysfunction and gastrointestinal hemorrhage in diabetic patients [27]. In addition, aleglitazar increases the incidence of hypoglycemia and muscular events as compared to placebo [13].