Fig. 1.

Multiple daily swim sessions are essential for C. elegans exercise adaptation. (A) Diagram of the 90-min swim session protocol performed for each exercise bout. We transferred control animals to an unseeded NGM plate for 90 min, whereas exercise animals were transferred to an unseeded NGM plate flooded with M9 buffer for the same 90 min to swim. (B) Diagram indicating the time of the day of each exercise session for the 5 long-term exercise regimens tested. (C) qPCR results for 10 muscle structural genes in Ad5 WT animals exposed to the 5 long-term exercise regimens indicated. n = 4 to 5 independent trials. (D) Percentage increase in crawling maximum velocity in Ad5 and Ad8 WT exercised animals exposed to the 5 tested long-term exercise regimens, relative to nonexercised control counterparts. n = 3 to 6 independent trials. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01.