Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted mean differences in BSID-III domain raw scores at 6 months and 24 months according to HIV exposure
|
HIV-exposed |
HIV-unexposed |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted* |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean raw score (SD) | N | Mean raw score (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | p value | Effect size, Cohen's d (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | p value | Effect size, Cohen's d (95% CI) | |
| 6 months | ||||||||||
| Cognitive | 60 | 27·55 (2·82) | 196 | 27·08 (3·69) | 0·47 (−0·55 to 1·49) | 0·37 | 0·13 (−0·16 to 0·42) | 0·69 (−0·33 to 1·72) | 0·19 | 0·20 (−0·09 to 0·49) |
| Receptive language | 60 | 9·78 (1·55) | 194 | 9·57 (1·65) | 0·22 (−0·26 to 0·69) | 0·37 | 0·13 (−0·16 to 0·42) | 0·23 (−0·28 to 0·73) | 0·38 | 0·14 (−0·15 to 0·43) |
| Expressive language | 61 | 8·62 (2·72) | 194 | 8·89 (2·61) | −0·26 (−1·03 to 0·50) | 0·50 | −0·10 (−0·39 to 0·19) | −0·42 (−1·22 to 0·39) | 0·31 | −0·16 (−0·45 to 0·13) |
| Fine motor | 61 | 21·79 (2·85) | 196 | 21·60 (3·03) | 0·19 (−0·67 to 1·05) | 0·67 | 0·06 (−0·22 to 0·35) | 0·55 (−0·32 to 1·42) | 0·22 | 0·19 (−0·10 to 0·47) |
| Gross motor | 61 | 24·75 (3·73) | 195 | 24·54 (3·66) | 0·21 (−0·85 to 1·27) | 0·70 | 0·06 (−0·23 to 0·34) | 0·57 (−0·48 to 1·62) | 0·29 | 0·16 (−0·13 to 0·44) |
| 24 months | ||||||||||
| Cognitive | 167 | 54·84 (5·06) | 562 | 55·69 (4·73) | −0·85 (−1·68 to −0·02) | 0·045 | −0·18 (−0·35 to −0·003) | −0·45 (−1·32 to 0·43) | 0·32 | −0·09 (−0·27 to 0·08) |
| Receptive language | 165 | 19·83 (3·54) | 556 | 21·10 (3·72) | −1·27 (−1·91 to −0·63) | 0·0001 | −0·34 (−0·51 to −0·16) | −1·03 (−1·69 to −0·37) | 0·0024 | −0·28 (−0·45 to −0·10) |
| Expressive language | 158 | 22·91 (5·37) | 542 | 24·45 (4·94) | −1·54 (−2·43 to −0·64) | 0·0008 | −0·30 (−0·48 to −0·12) | −1·17 (−2·09 to −0·24) | 0·013 | −0·23 (−0·41 to −0·05) |
| Fine motor | 166 | 37·40 (3·34) | 562 | 37·51 (3·10) | −0·13 (−0·68 to 0·42) | 0·64 | −0·04 (−0·21 to 0·13) | 0·09 (−0·49 to 0·66) | 0·77 | 0·03 (−0·15 to 0·20) |
| Gross motor | 159 | 53·07 (3·37) | 535 | 53·31 (3·66) | −0·24 (−0·88 to 0·39) | 0·46 | −0·07 (−0·24 to 0·11) | −0·41 (−1·09 to 0·27) | 0·24 | −0·11 (−0·29 to 0·06) |
Residuals were assessed for each model using quantile–quantile plots and were normally distributed. Negative mean difference estimates indicate that HIV exposure was associated with lower total raw scores in that BSID-III domain (ie, poorer outcomes). BSID-III=Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition.
*
Adjusted for child age, child sex, maternal education, household income, and maternal age.