Table 2.
Child and adolescent violence exposure at home and in the community reported by mothers and by adolescents
| Informant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers | Mothers | Adolescents | |
| (Age 6–10) | (Age 11–15) | (Age 11–15) | |
| n = 689 | n = 720 | n = 680 | |
| Child and adolescent violence exposure events | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Severe physical punishment (eventsa occurring at least once in the past 12 months) | |||
| Being hit with an object (e.g., stick, broom, cane, belt) | 54 (8.0) | 72 (9.7) | 61 (10.0) |
| Being kicked | 3 (0.5) | 7 (0.7) | 8 (1.7) |
| Being choked by putting hands (or something else) around his/her neck | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 5 (0.8) |
| Being smothered with hand of pillow | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Being burned, scalded, or branded | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Being beaten | 18 (2.9) | 28 (4.3) | 34 (5.9) |
| Being threatened with a knife or gun | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Being harmed with a knife or gun | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Any event occurring at least once in the past 12 months | 63 (9.7) | 79 (11.0) | 80 (13.0) |
| Community violence (eventsb occurring at least once in the past 12 months) | |||
| Victimization events | |||
| Being mugged | 3 (0.4) | 14 (1.5)* | 14 (2.2) |
| Someone has broken into or tried to force their way into the house or apartment when he/she was there | 6 (1.3) | 7 (0.8) | 17 (2.9)## |
| Being chased by gangs or individuals | 4 (0.9) | 6 (0.5) | 12 (1.5) |
| Being picked‐up or arrested by the police or taken to the police station | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.6) |
| Being threatened by someone with serious physical harm | 4 (0.5) | 11 (1.5) | 23 (3.8)## |
| Suffering death threats | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 6 (0.7) |
| Being beaten‐up | 3 (0.4) | 9 (1.5) | 17 (2.8)## |
| Being attacked or stabbed with a knife | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.9) |
| Being around a shoot‐out | 25 (3.7)* | 17 (1.6) | 44 (6.3)### |
| Being shot | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| Being sexually molested by someone much older than him/her | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) |
| One or more events occurring at least once in the past 12 months | 39 (6.4) | 54 (6.2) | 97 (14.2)### |
| Eye‐witnessed events | |||
| Being mugged | 44 (6.5) | ||
| Someone has broken into or tried to force their way into the house or apartment when he/she was there | 12 (1.7) | ||
| Being chased by gangs or individuals | 20 (2.4) | ||
| Being picked‐up or arrested by the police or taken to the police station | 73 (9.4) | ||
| Being threatened by someone with serious physical harm | 59 (7.9) | ||
| Suffering death threats | 19 (2.8) | ||
| Being beaten‐up | 77 (11.2) | ||
| Being attacked or stabbed with a knife | 11 (1.5) | ||
| Being around a shoot‐out | 43 (5.1) | ||
| Being shot | 24 (2.8) | ||
| Being sexually molested by someone much older than him/her | 17 (1.9) | ||
| One or more events occurring at least once in the past 12 months | 160 (21.1) | ||
Note. Empty cells refer to items not included in the mothers' questionnaire to avoid inaccurate answers.
a
Severe physical punishment by one or both parents.
b
Events that occurred outside home or school.
Chi‐square tests performed to identify differences between children rates and adolescent rates (all mother reported).
*
p ≤ .05.
**
p ≤ .01.
***
p ≤ .001.
McNemar's tests performed to identify differences between paired proportions in the age group 11–15 years (mother reported rates vs. adolescent reported rates).
#
p ≤ .05.
##
p ≤ .01.
###
p ≤ .001.