Table 3.

The significant moderating effect of ADHD‐LD on the associations between sensorimotor performance and handwriting

	Moderating effect			ADHD‐LD (n = 12)			Control (n = 24)
	β [95% CI]	p	Adj. R 2	β [95% CI]	p	Adj. R 2	β [95% CI]	p	Adj. R 2
Chinese handwriting
DV: Air time IV: ULC	36.57* [8.03, 65.12]	.0140	.2654	22.32 [−9.93, 54.57]	.1540	.1114	−14.25* [−27.60, −0.90]	.0379	.1843
DV: SD of writing time per character IV: VMI	3.49** [1.50, 5.48]	.0013	.3768	3.41* [0.41, 6.41]	.0298	.3296	−0.08 [−0.52, 0.36]	.6965	.0464
DV: SD of writing time per character IV: MD	1.62** [0.69, 2.54]	.0013	.4564	1.44* [0.39, 2.48]	.0118	.4344	−0.18 [−0.56, 0.20]	.3338	.0004
DV: SD of writing time per character IV: ULC	2.64** [0.81, 4.47]	.0062	.2952	1.96 [−0.38, 4.31]	.0912	.1846	−0.68* [−1.19, −0.16]	.0135	.2684
English handwriting
DV: Readability IV: MD	−0.87* [−1.64, −0.10]	.0281	.2760	−0.89** [−1.50, −0.28]	.0090	.4619	−0.01 [−0.56, 0.54]	.9580	.0586

Note. DV = dependent variable; IV = independent variable; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; LD = learning difficulties; ULC = upper‐limb coordination; VMI = Beery‐Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual‐Motor Integration; MD = manual dexterity; SD = standard deviation.

^* p < .05.

^** p < .01.