Table 3.
Hypomanic symptoms in patients with nonpsychotic major depressive episodes according to research‐based diagnostic criteria (RBDC) mixed states
| Variable | Mixed states according to RBDC (N = 213) | Nonmixed features (not meet mixed features criteria in DSM‐5) in mixed states according to RBDC (N = 174) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | MDD (N = 90) | BD (N = 123) | Significance | Total | MDD (N = 82) | BD (N = 92) | Significance | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 44.3 ± 17.63 | 43.8 ± 16.35 | 44.7 ± 18.57 | 0.701 | 45.3 ± 17.92 | 44.5 ± 16.41 | 46.0 ± 19.22 | 0.587 | |
| Female sex, N (%) | 113 (53.1) | 56 (62.2) | 57 (46.3) | 0.022* | 85 (48.9) | 49 (59.8) | 36 (39.1) | 0.007* | |
| Hypomanic symptoms, N (%) | Irritable mood | 172 (90.8) | 73 (81.1) | 99 (80.5) | 0.854 | 140 (80.5) | 67 (81.7) | 73 (79.3) | 0.666 |
| Emotional/mood lability | 153 (71.8) | 81 (90.0) | 72 (58.5) | <0.001* | 124 (71.3) | 75 (91.5) | 49 (53.3) | <0.001* | |
| Distractibility | 86 (40.4) | 35 (38.9) | 51 (41.5) | 0.625 | 67 (38.5) | 31 (37.8) | 36 (39.1) | 0.790 | |
| Psychomotor agitation | 112 (52.6) | 61 (67.8) | 51 (41.5) | <0.001* | 99 (56.9) | 58 (70.7) | 41 (44.6) | 0.001* | |
| Impulsivity | 137 (64.3) | 60 (66.7) | 77 (62.6) | 0.516 | 111 (63.8) | 56 (68.3) | 55 (59.8) | 0.229 | |
| Aggression (verbal or physical) | 95 (44.6) | 34 (37.8) | 61 (49.6) | 0.104 | 72 (41.4) | 28 (34.1) | 44 (47.8) | 0.096 | |
| Racing thoughts | 13 (6.1) | 4 (4.4) | 9 (7.3) | 0.336 | 8 (4.6) | 2 (2.4) | 6 (6.5) | 0.202 | |
| More talkative/pressure to keep talking | 62 (29.1) | 8 (8.9) | 54 (43.9) | <0.001* | 40 (23.0) | 5 (6.1) | 35 (38.0) | <0.001* | |
| Hyperactivity | 59 (27.7) | 7 (7.8) | 52 (42.3) | <0.001* | 41 (23.6) | 2 (2.4) | 39 (42.4) | <0.001* | |
| Increased energy | 58 (27.2) | 5 (5.6) | 53 (43.1) | <0.001* | 43 (24.7) | 1 (1.2) | 42 (45.7) | <0.001* | |
| Risky behavior | 70 (32.9) | 30 (33.3) | 40 (32.5) | 0.995 | 55 (31.6) | 27 (32.9) | 28 (30.4) | 0.777 | |
| Grandiosity | 39 (18.3) | 3 (3.3) | 36 (29.3) | <0.001* | 30 (17.2) | 2 (2.4) | 28 (30.4) | <0.001* | |
| Euphoria | 53 (24.9) | 2 (2.2) | 51 (41.5) | <0.001* | 39 (22.4) | 2 (2.4) | 37 (40.2) | <0.001* | |
| Hypersexuality | 13 (6.1) | 1 (1.1) | 12 (9.8) | 0.037* | 9 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 9 (9.8) | 0.999 | |
Note. MDD: major depressive disorder; BD: bipolar disorder; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.
*
P < 0.05.