Table 5.
Study participation factors by study
| Participation factor | Odds ratio, 95% confidence interval | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 n = 1,257 | Study 2 n = 691 | Study 3 n = 546 | Study 4 n = 331 | Study 5 n = 94 | |
| Recruitment site and setting | |||||
| Recruitment site | |||||
| Site 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Site 2 | 0.68 (0.52–0.89)** | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) | 1.33 (0.86–2.04) | 0.79 (0.46–1.38) | 1.01 (0.32–3.20) |
| Site 3 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 1.18 (0.82–1.69) | 0.64 (0.42–0.95)* | 1.14 (0.65–1.98) | 1.16 (0.47–2.87) |
| Setting: Ambulatory care patients | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 1.53 (1.08–2.17)* | 0.82 (0.58–1.15) | 1.08 (0.68–1.70) | 0.29 (0.12–0.70)** |
| Socio‐demographics and general health status | |||||
| Age in years | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) |
| Gender: female | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 0.88 (0.64–1.20) | 1.23 (0.86–1.77) | 1.22 (0.80–1.89) | 2.77 (1.02–7.53)* |
| Married or in partnership | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) | 0.72 (0.31–1.64) |
| Educational level | |||||
| <10 years of schooling | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 10 years of schooling | 1.01 (0.74–1.38) | 1.07 (0.73–1.56) | 1.11 (0.71–1.72) | 0.99 (0.50–1.94) | 1.46 (0.55–3.89) |
| >10 years of schooling | 1.09 (0.81–1.47) | 1.12 (0.74–1.71) | 1.71 (1.08–2.71)* | 1.11 (0.58–2.09) | 1.77 (0.63–4.94) |
| Not classifiable | 1.57 (0.65–3.81) | 0.71(0.22–2.30) | 0.98 (0.27–3.51) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Occupational status | |||||
| Fulltime employed | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Part‐time employed | 0.59 (0.43–0.81)*** | 0.94 (0.61–1.43) | 0.98 (0.58–1.63) | 1.16 (0.63–2.12) | 0.48 (0.05–4.81) |
| Unemployed | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | 1.46 (0.83–2.57) | 1.52 (0.79–2.95) | 2.19 (0.96–4.99) | 0.83 (0.29–2.35) |
| Not working a | 0.84 (0.65–1.10) | 1.28 (0.80–2.06) | 1.19 (0.72–1.98) | 0.93 (0.55–1.55) | 5.73 (1.76–18.59)** |
| General health status b | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 1.23 (0.99–1.52) | 0.95 (0.64–1.39) |
| Health risks factors | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Grams per day | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| AUDIT sum score | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) |
| Harmful consumption c | omitted | omitted | omitted | omitted | omitted |
| Tobacco consumption | |||||
| Any smoking d | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | omitted | omitted | 0.81 (0.52–1.25) | 0.92 (0.37–2.32) |
| Cigarettes per day e | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.98 (0.44–1.01) |
| Years of smoking e | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) |
| Nicotine dependence e , f | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 1.10 (0.95–1.29) | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 1.22 (0.86–1.73) | 0.87 (0.51–1.48) |
| Depressive symptoms | |||||
| Subsyndromal depression | omitted | omitted | omitted | omitted | 0.97 (0.42–2.23) |
| Major depression | 1.36 (1.09–1.69)** | omitted | omitted | 1.27 (0.82–1.96) | 0.99 (0.40–2.46) |
| PHQ‐8 g | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)*** | 1.0 (0.93–1.07) | 1.10 (1.01–1.20)* | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) |
| Insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 0.69 (0.25–1.88) | 0.85 (0.28–2.55) | 1.12 (0.51–2.46) | 3.12 (0.34–29.04) |
| Physical inactivity | 0.87 (0.70–1.09) | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.83 (0.57–1.19) | 0.98 (0.63–1.53) | 0.27 (0.11–0.69)** |
| BMI | |||||
| <25 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| ≥25 and < 30 | 1.01(0.77–1.31) | 0.73 (0.51–1.04) | 0.86 (0.59–1.27) | 0.87 (0.51–1.47) | 0.42 (0.15–1.14) |
| ≥30 | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | 1.13 (0.75–1.70) | 0.57 (0.35–0.92)* | 1.00 (0.56–1.79) | 0.38 (0.13–1.15) |
| Total number of health risks | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) |
Note. AUDIT: sum score of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; PHQ‐8: sum score of patient health questionnaire; BMI: body mass index.
p < 0.001.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.05.
Homemaker, retiree, student, or similar.
Coded from five (excellent) to one (poor).
Average daily alcohol use exceeding 12 or 24 g for women or men respectively and/or binge drinking behavior (drinking five or more alcoholic drinks for men and four or more alcoholic drinks for women per occasion) at least once a month.
Occasionally or daily smoking.
Of those who reported smoking at least one cigarette daily: n = 341, 691, 546, 129, and 57 for the Studies 1 to 5 respectively.
Coded from zero (low dependence) to three (high dependence).
Of those who had a period of at least 2 weeks in the last 12 months with sadness, tiredness, and/or lost interest: n = 1,257, 402, 278, 331, and 77 for the Studies 1 to 5 respectively.