Study	Reason for exclusion
Alyousef 2018	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
De Schepper 2016	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Dozois 1995	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Du Bois 2009	No appropriate follow‐up period
Elfering 2015	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Estlander 1998	Population not majority low back pain
Feuerstein 2006	No primary outcome
Fitzpatrick 1987	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Goossens 2005	Population not majority low back pain
Hurwitz 2005	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Jellema 2007	No primary outcome
Kendell 2018	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Lochting 2017	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Lotters 2006	Population not majority low back pain
Lurie 2016	Population not majority low back pain
Maxwell 1998	No appropriate follow‐up period
Melloh 2011	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Ng 2017	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Reis 2007	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Roberts 2015	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Schultz 2008	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Silvis 2016	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Skargren 1998	Population not majority low back pain
Smeets 2008	Expectations not measured at baseline (after first treatment)
Soucy 2006	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Staerkle 2004	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Steenstra 2015	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Vargas‐Prada 2013	No or inappropriate measure of expectations
Wolff 2018	No or inappropriate measure of expectations