Table 1.
Demographical and clinical data. Lifetime use of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opioids were categorized according to an ordinal five-item (0 = never tried/1 = tried few times/2 = use regularly/3 = harmful use/4 = dependency)
| Schizophrenia | Healthy controls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | p | |
| Age, years | 46 | 25.0 (5.6) | 58 | 24.79(5.68) | 0.79a |
| Gender (m/f) | 46 | 28/18 | 58 | 36/22 | 0.901b |
| Parental SES (a/b/c) | 44 | 8/30/6 | 56 | 16/30/10 | <0.001b |
| Years of education | 45 | 12.5 (2.6) | 56 | 14.58(2.60) | <0.001a |
| Danish Adult Reading Test (DART)c | 41 | 21.4 (9.7) | 56 | 23.2 (6.3) | 0.27d |
| Total IQ (WAIS III)e | 41 | −0.8 (1.5) | 54 | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.002d |
| Tobacco (0/1/2/3/4) | 45 | 7/11/22/1/4 | 59 | 13/29/11/2/1 | 0.003f |
| Alcohol (0/1/2/3/4) | 46 | 2/6/33/4/1 | 57 | 3/1/53/0/0 | 0.005f |
| Cannabis (0/1/2/3/4) | 46 | 8/23/9/6/0 | 57 | 23/28/6/0/0 | 0.003f |
| Opioids (0/1/2/3/4) | 46 | 38/8/0/0/0 | 56 | 52/4/0/0/0 | 0.132f |
| Stimulants (0/1/2/3/4) | 46 | 27/14/5/0/0 | 56 | 47/9/0/0/0 | 0.003f |
| Hallucinogens (0/1/2/3/4) | 45 | 38/7/0/0/0 | 57 | 53/3/0/0/0 | 0.105f |
| Other drugs (0/1/2/3/4) | 43 | 40/3/0/0/0 | 56 | 54/2/0/0/0 | 0.65f |
| Benzodiazepines (0/1/2/3/4) | 42 | 31/11/0/6/0 | 55 | 55/0/0/0/0 | <0.001f |
| DUI, weeks | 45 | 65.8 (70.5) | – | – | – |
| CGI, severity | 44 | 4.2 (0.7) | – | – | – |
| GAF, symptom | 44 | 40.9 (9.9) | – | – | – |
| GAF, function | 43 | 42.6 (11.1) | – | – | – |
| PANSS, positive | 46 | 20.1 (4.2) | – | – | – |
| PANSS, negative | 46 | 21.3 (7.9) | – | – | – |
| PANSS, general | 46 | 42.2 (9.4) | – | – | – |
| PANSS, total | 46 | 83.5 (17.2) | – | – | – |
| Amisulpride, mg/day | 32 | 248.4 (140.6) | – | – | – |
| Remission (yes/no)g | 34 | 11/23 | – | – | – |
SES, parental socioeconomic status; DUI, duration of untreated illness; CGI, Clinical Global Impression Scale; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; PANSS, Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale.
Mann–Whitney U test.
χ2.
Danish Adult Reading Test (DART) (Nelson and O'Connell, 1978).
Two-sample t test with pooled variance estimates.
A combined score based on four subtests from WAIS III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale® – Third Edition n.d.), presented as z-scores standardized from the mean and standard deviation of the healthy control sample.
fFisher's exact test.
gSymptom remission after 6 weeks according to Andreasen criteria (Andreasen et al., 2005).