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. 2019 Nov 25;9:17478. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53983-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Waveguide instrument used to deliver whole-body RF-EME exposure. Shown are (a) the complete waveguide apparatus with lid in open configuration and (b) close-up view illustrating the dimensions of the inner chamber. (c) A graphical experimental overview. (1) Mice were RF-EME or sham exposed for 1, 3 or 5 weeks and compared to a control population that did not enter the apparatus (untreated). Mice were culled and their spermatozoa were examined using sperm functional assays and a variety of oxidative stress assays (2). The testes of these mice were also examined for gross histological abnormalities and for markers of oxidative stress, via tissue sections (3).