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. 2019 Nov 25;9:17468. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53678-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Leptomonas wallacei infection induces reproductive fitness reduction in Oncopeltus fasciatus. (A) Reproductively active adult females and males were collected and weighed using a precision balance (UF-uninfected female, IF-infected female, UM-uninfected male, IM- infected male) * represent significant differences in the one-way ANOVA test. (B) Oviposition from both colonies was monitored daily for two weeks and the average daily ovipostion was predicted using the zero-inflated Poisson model. Generalized linear model formulation was used with the R statistical pscl package to compute environmental variables. (Uninfected n = 17 and infected n = 20). (C) Egg eclosion was determined by counting the number of ecloded eggs laid from both colonies. The x-axis shows the estimated proportion of eclosion and the y-axis shows the probable density (uninfected n = 90 and infected n = 120). (D) Representative images of the morphology of female ovaries from an uninfected or infected female. (E) Egg reabsorption was observed by classifying and counting the number of eggs in dissected females. The x-axis shows the estimated proportion of reabsorption and the y-axis shows the probability density (uninfected n = 30 and infected n = 30).