Table 3.
Regression models for socioemotional behavioural problems at age 14 and covariate estimates using complete case analysis (N=6509)
| RR (95% CI)* | |||||||
| Baseline† | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
| Maternal education | |||||||
| Diploma | 2.08 (1.32 to 3.27) | 1.88 (1.19 to 2.98) | 2.06 (1.31 to 3.22) | 2.09 (1.33 to 3.29) | 2.06 (1.26 to 3.05) | 2.04 (1.22 to 2.97) | 1.89 (1.20 to 3.00) |
| A levels | 1.71 (1.03 to 2.85) | 1.55 (0.92 to 2.59) | 1.71 (1.03 to 2.84) | 1.68 (1.01 to 2.78) | 1.68 (1.01 to 2.80) | 1.66 (1.00 to 2.75) | 1.55 (0.93 to 2.60) |
| GCSE A–C | 2.70 (1.83 to 3.98) | 2.21 (1.46 to 3.33) | 2.60 (1.76 to 3.83) | 2.50 (1.68 to 3.72) | 2.57 (1.64 to 3.33) | 2.52 (1.60 to 3.27) | 2.02 (1.32 to 3.11) |
| GCSE D–G | 3.73 (2.41 to 5.77) | 2.79 (1.74 to 4.49) | 3.46 (2.21 to 5.40) | 3.39 (2.17 to 5.28) | 3.28 (2.15 to 4.85) | 3.37 (2.20 to 4.98) | 2.36 (1.44 to 3.87) |
| None | 3.82 (2.48 to 5.88) | 2.67 (1.68 to 4.23) | 3.46 (2.22 to 5.39) | 3.09 (1.96 to 4.89) | 3.06 (2.00 to 4.58) | 3.43 (2.16 to 4.94) | 1.99 (1.22 to 3.26) |
| Perinatal factors | |||||||
| Smoking in pregnancy | 1.47 (1.12 to 1.92) | – | – | – | – | 1.23 (0.94 to 1.61) | |
| Alcohol consumption in pregnancy | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.13) | – | – | – | – | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.10) | |
| Gestational age at birth | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.38) | – | – | – | – | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.29) | |
| Child’s birth weight | 1.16 (0.77 to 1.76) | – | – | – | – | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.75) | |
| Breast feeding at least 4 months | 1.35 (1.01 to 1.80) | – | – | – | – | 1.21 (0.91 to 1.61) | |
| Child individual factors | |||||||
| Cognitive disability | – | 1.64 (1.11 to 2.41) | – | – | – | 1.45 (0.99 to 2.12) | |
| School readiness | – | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.62) | – | – | – | 1.01 (0.73 to 1.40) | |
| Child’s long-term disabilities or illness | – | 1.59 (1.24 to 2.04) | – | – | – | 1.47 (1.15 to 1.87) | |
| Family factors | |||||||
| Maternal mental health problems | – | – | 1.61 (1.33 to 3.29) | – | – | 1.52 (1.19 to 1.93) | |
| Parenting style | – | – | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.23) | – | – | 1.02 (0.83 to 1.25) | |
| Lone parenthood | – | – | 1.27 (0.95 to 1.71) | – | – | 1.15 (0.85 to 1.55) | |
| Child–parents conflict relationship | – | – | 2.20 (1.70 to 2.84) | – | – | 1.85 (1.43 to 2.39) | |
| Peer relation factors | |||||||
| Child’s time spent with friends | – | – | – | 1.97 (0.95 to 3.90) | – | 1.70 (0.91 to 3.20) | |
| Being bullied | – | – | – | 1.35 (0.94 to 1.96) | – | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.67) | |
| Fights or bullies other peers | – | – | – | 2.22 (1.75 to 2.83) | – | 1.76 (1.39 to 2.23) | |
| Neighbourhood factors | |||||||
| Neighbourhood conditions | – | – | – | – | 1.51 (1.18 to 1.94) | 1.35 (1.07 to 1.72) | |
| Neighbourhood safety | – | – | – | – | 1.20 (0.88 to 1.65) | 1.05 (0.78 to 1.41) | |
| Proportion attenuated (%)‡ | 40.8 | 12.7 | 25.8 | 26.9 | 13.8 | 64.8 |
*All models were adjusted for baseline confounders (maternal age birth, child sex and maternal ethnicity)—omitted table results.
†Adjusted only for baseline confounders—omitted table results.
‡Proportion of RR attenuated by comparison of baseline model with models 1–6.
GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; RR, relative risk.