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. 2019 Aug 2;101(5):1056–1074. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioz131

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for the Study of Reproduction.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Evaluation of different motility parameters ((A) percentage of total motile or TM; (B) percentage ofprogressively motile or PM; (C) ALH; and (D) VCL) at 30 min incubation of stallion sperm suspended in (1) CM, (2) CM + 2.5 mM procaine, (3) CM + 5 mM procaine, (4) CM + 10 mM procaine, (5) CM + 25 mM procaine, and (6) CM + 50 mM procaine. Hyperactivated motility in sperm suspensions could be reliably induced over a 2.5–10 mM procaine concentration range. A sperm toxic effect of procaine was observed at 25 and 50 mM procaine. For percentage of total motile, percentage of progressively motile, ALH, and VCL, values that differ (P < 0.05) are indicated by different small letters.