Table 1.

Converged sex and hormone‐related effects across disorders

	Schizophrenia	Bipolar disorder	Post‐traumatic stress disorder
Differences at the level of sex
Incidence	M > F	M > F Type I M < F Type II	M < F
Age of onset	M < F	M < F #	Unknown
Symptom severity	M > F	F = M, depending on BD type	M < F
Symptom presentation	M > F for comorbid issues	M > F for mania M < F for depression	M < F for dissociation and threat sense
Treatment response	M < F for response to treatment, remission, recovery	Unknown	M < F for response to treatment
Interactions and effects of gonadal steroid hormones
Blood oestradiol levels	↓ in M and F	Mixed/inconclusive	Unknown
Blood progesterone levels	↓ in M and F	Mixed/inconclusive	↓ in F
Menstrual cycle effects	↑ symptoms during low‐hormone phases	↑ symptoms during low‐hormone phases	↑ symptoms during low‐hormone phases#
Effects of menopause	↑ symptoms, prevalence	↑ depression and ↓ mania	Unknown
Effects of exogenous oestradiol	Oestradiol and raloxifene improved symptoms in M and F	Oestradiol improved manic and psychotic symptoms	Oestradiol improved performance in analogue trauma tasks in non‐PTSD subjects

M: Male; F: Female; <: less or worse; >: greater or better; ↑: increased; ↓: decreased; #: preliminary or weaker evidence.