ICSs |
Long-term control medications |
Glucocorticoid receptors |
Suppression of airway inflammation |
Mild/Moderate persistent asthma |
Budesonide, beclomethasone, fluticasone |
LABAs |
Long-term control medications |
β2AR |
Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle |
Moderate to severe asthma |
Salmeterol, formoterol, olodaterol |
LAMAs |
Long-term control medications |
MRs (functional selectivity for M3R) |
Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle |
Uncontrolled asthma |
Tiotropium, umeclidinium, glycopyrrolate |
LTRAs |
Long-term control medications |
CysLT receptor 1 |
Antagonize actions of leukotrienes in the airway |
Secondary option for mild/moderate persistent asthma |
Montelukast, pranlukast, zafirlukast |
Other leukotriene modifier |
Long-term control medications |
5-LOX |
Inhibit the formation of leukotrienes |
Secondary option for mild/moderate persistent asthma |
Zileuton |
Methylxanthines |
Long-term control medications |
Phosphodiesterase 3, adenosine receptors |
Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle |
Secondary option for mild/moderate persistent asthma |
Theophylline |
Mast cell stabilizer |
Long-term control medications |
Calcium-activated potassium channels |
Inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators |
Mild persistent asthma |
Cromolyn |
Oral and intravenous corticosteroids |
Quick-relief (rescue) medications |
Glucocorticoid receptors |
Suppression of airway inflammation |
Severe asthma |
Prednisolone, prednisone, methylprednisolone |
SABAs |
Quick-relief (rescue) medications |
β2AR |
Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle |
Severe asthma |
Albuterol, levalbuterol |
SAMAs |
Quick-relief (rescue) medications |
MRs (no selectivity for M3R) |
Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle |
Acute asthma exacerbation |
Ipratropium, oxitropium |
Antibodies |
Biologic agents |
IgE and ILs |
Reducing inflammation by blocking IgE and ILs |
Allergic and severe asthma |
Omalizumab, mepolizumab, dupilumab |