| TS Mechanisms |
| Mutated EPSPS
|
| One-codon change—Pro-106 to Ser, Ala, Thr, or Leu |
Several—e.g. Eleusine indica and Lolium spp |
Sammons and Gaines, 2014 |
| Thr-102Ile |
Tridax procumbens |
Li et al., 2018 |
| Two-codon changes (Thr-102Ile and Pro-106Ser) |
E. indica
|
Yu et al., 2015 |
| Three-codon change (Thr-102Ile, Ala-103Val, and Pro- 106Ser) |
Amaranthus hybridus |
Perotti et al., 2019 |
| EPSPS gene duplication |
Eight species—e.g. L. perrene, Bromus diandrus, Chlorus truncata
|
Patterson et al., 2018 |
| On an extrachromosomal circular DNA |
Amaranthus palmeri |
Koo et al., 2018 |
| Tandem duplication at a single locus |
Kochia scoparia, A. tuberculatis
|
Gaines et al., 2019 |
| NTS mechanisms |
| Reduced movement of glyphosate into the plant |
Several—e.g. Sorghum halepense, Leptochloa virgata
|
Heap and Duke, 2018 |
| Reduced translocation of glyphosate |
Several—Chloris elata, Conyza canadensis
|
Heap and Duke, 2018 |
| Vacuolar sequestration of glyphosate |
C. canadensis, Lolium spp |
Gaines et al., 2019 |
| Phoenix phenomenon (rapid necrosis, followed by regeneration) |
A. trifida
|
Van Horn et al., 2018 |
| Enhanced degradation to AMPA and glyoxylate by elevated AKR activity |
E. colona
|
Pan et al., 2019 |
| TS plus NTS mechanisms |
| For example, one-codon change in EPSPS and reduced translocation |
Several—e.g. A. tuberculatis, L. rigidum
|
Sammons and Gaines, 2014 |
