Table 2.

Time-varying characteristics stratified by HIV status and miscarriage, WIHS 1994-2017

		All women (N = 848)					Women living with HIV (N = 468)					Women without HIV (N = 380)
		Mis carriage (n=250, 29%)		Live birth (n=598, 71%)		p-value	Mis carriage (n=140, 30%)		Live birth (n=328, 70%)		p-value	Mis carriage (n=110, 29%)		Live birth (n=270, 71%)		p-value
		n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%
Variables (previous visit)
Age group	<25	63	25	97	16	0.011	29	21	38	12	0.062	34	31	59	22	0.138
	25-30	50	20	155	26		29	21	90	27		21	19	65	24
	30-35	65	26	189	32		41	29	105	32		24	22	84	31
	>35	72	29	157	26		41	29	95	29		31	28	62	23
Alcohol use	Abstain	118	49	450	81	<.0001	76	56	263	84	<.0001	42	40	187	77	<.0001
	Drinkers	123	51	108	19		60	44	51	16		63	60	57	23
Alcohol use frequency	Abstain	118	49	450	81	<.0001	76	56	263	84	<.0001	42	40	187	77	<.0001
	0-7	101	42	89	16		46	34	45	14		55	52	44	18
	>7	22	9	19	3		14	10	6	2		8	8	13	5
Marijuana use	No	171	70	492	88	<.0001	105	77	288	91	<.0001	66	62	204	83	<.0001
	Yes	72	30	68	12		32	23	27	9		40	38	41	17
Marijuana use frequency	None	171	71	492	88	<.0001	105	77	288	91	0.001	66	64	204	84	0.001
	Less than weekly	15	6	24	4		6	4	11	3		9	9	13	5
	1-6 times/week	22	9	16	3		12	9	7	2		10	10	9	4
	At least daily	32	13	27	5		14	10	9	3		18	17	18	7
Cigarette smoking	No	120	49	401	72	<.0001	65	47	231	73	<.0001	55	52	170	69	0.003
	Yes	123	51	159	28		72	53	84	27		51	48	75	31
Health related*	No	193	77	477	80	0.414	108	77	256	78	0.829	85	77	221	82	0.334
	Yes	57	23	121	20		32	23	72	22		25	23	49	18
Pregnancy year	1994-1997	50	20	86	14	0.066	36	26	49	15	0.023	14	13	37	14	0.655
	1998-2001	46	18	85	14		29	21	57	18		17	16	28	10
	2002-5	74	30	215	36		39	28	124	38		35	32	91	34
	≥2006	79	32	208	35		36	26	95	29		43	39	113	42
Any STI diagnosis**	No	211	86	493	88	0.564	114	83	265	84	0.688	97	92	228	93	0.608
	Yes	33	14	67	12		24	17	50	16		9	8	17	7
Yeast infection	No	200	82	434	78	0.120	111	81	237	75	0.177	89	84	197	80	0.509
	Yes	43	18	126	23		26	19	78	25		17	16	48	20
BV infection	No	186	80	356	85	0.134	97	73	192	81	0.066	89	90	164	90	0.873
	Yes	46	20	63	15		36	27	44	19		10	10	19	10
LEEP procedure	No	248	99	596	100	0.389	138	99	327	100	0.208	110	100	269	100	n/a
	Yes	2	1	2	0		2	1	1	0		0	0	1	0
HIV viral load	≥4 log10 copies/mL						45	33	43	14	<.0001
	<4 log10 copies/mL						90	67	266	86
CD4 count <500 cells/μL	No						57	43	127	41	0.759
	Yes						77	57	183	59
cART regimen	II, NRTI, NNRTI						23	17	71	22	<.0001
	PI						28	20	128	40
	No cART						87	63	121	38
AIDS defining illness	No						98	70	247	75	0.235
	Yes						42	30	81	25

WIHS: Women's Interagency HIV Study; cART: combination highly active antiretroviral therapy; II: integrase inhibitor; NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PI: protease inhibitor; STI: sexually transmitted infection; BV: bacterial vaginosis; LEEP: loop electrosurgical excision procedure

^*Includes stroke, cancer, myocardial infarction, high blood pressure pulmonary embolism, diabetes

^**Includes gonorrhea, trichomonas, herpes-2, genital warts, syphilis, chlamydia

‘n’ is given over all study intervals

p-values are two-tailed