Table 1.

Variables included in cumulative risk indexes

Cumulative risk index and relevant citations	Variables
Birth risks (43, 46, 47)	Prenatal maternal antidepressant use
	Prenatal maternal alcohol use
	Prenatal cigarette use
	Prematurity (<37 weeks gestation)
	Low birth weight (<2500g)
	Postnatal intensive care
	Child special health care needs (78)
Family risks (18, 23, 31, 64)*	Marital hostility
	Parental psychological distress (Kessler K-6 scale (79))
	Parental depression+
	Parental exposure to stressful life events
Parenting risks (21, 22, 31)*	Low parental warmth
	Hostile parenting
	Low parenting self-efficacy
	Poor co-parenting+
Socioeconomic risks (26, 48, 49)	Financial hardship
	Low socioeconomic position (SEP) composite (parental income, education, and occupational prestige)
Neighborhood risks (28, 50, 51)	Poor neighborhood facilities
	Poor neighborhood livability (safety; cleanliness; traffic noise)
	Low neighborhood level socio-economic status composite

^*Indicates separate mother- and father-reported indexes were generated when available.

⁺Indicates that father-reported index does not include this variable.