Table 5.
Hierarchical Linear Regressiona of Inpatient Costs
| Covariate | Estimate | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 15,787.91 (14,893.80-16,725.67) | <.001 |
| Age, y | 1.001 (1.0008-1.002) | <.001 |
| Sex | .006 | |
| Male | … | |
| Female | 0.92 (0.91-0.93) | |
| Income quartile by ZIP Code | ||
| Quartile < 25% | … | … |
| Quartile 25%-50% | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | .043 |
| Quartile 51%-75% | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) | .041 |
| Quartile > 75% | 0.98 (0.95-0.99) | .037 |
| Comorbidity | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 1.23 (1.19-1.26) | <.001 |
| Valve disease | 1.02 (0.99-1.04) | .194 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 1.28 (1.24-1.33) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.04 (1.02-1.05) | <.001 |
| COPD | 1.12 (1.11-1.14) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.02 (1.01-1.04) | .003 |
| Hypertension | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | .272 |
| Renal disease | 1.10 (1.07-1.13) | <.001 |
| Liver disease | 1.07 (1.02-1.12) | .003 |
| Obesity | 1.05 (1.03-1.07) | <.001 |
| Weight loss | 1.59 (1.54-1.64) | <.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 1.09 (1.06-1.13) | <.001 |
| Drug use | 1.05 (0.99-1.11) | .093 |
| Hospital teaching status | .495 | |
| No AMA affiliation | … | |
| AMA affiliation | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | |
| Surgical approach | ||
| Open | … | |
| VATS | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) | 0.007 |
| RATS | 1.13 (1.10-1.15) | <.001 |
a
Linear regression equation given in Supplemental Table 4.
AMA, American Medical Association; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RATS, robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.