Table 5:

Categorical predictors of select serum PFAS concentrations (ng/mL; N=213).

Characteristic		PFHxS		Total PFOS		Total PFOA1		PFNA		PFHpS
	N	GM	95% CI	GM	95% CI	GM	95% CI	GM	95% CI	GM	95% CI
Home water district
Fountain	52	9.3	7.0, 12.2	7.2	5.9, 8.8	2.4	2.0, 2.9	0.42	0.35, 0.51	0.16	0.12, 0.21
Security	96	19.1	15.0, 24.4	10.0	8.2, 12.2	3.1	2.6, 3.7	0.42	0.37, 0.48	0.25	0.20, 0.30
Widefield	65	13.7	11.0, 17.1	11.0	9.0, 13.4	2.9	2.4, 3.6	0.46	0.40, 0.54	0.22	0.18, 0.28
p-value		< 0.001		0.006		0.05		0.48		0.03
Source of water at home (years 2012–2015)
Public water system	197	14.1	12.1, 16.5	9.3	8.2, 10.5	2.8	2.5, 3.1	0.43	0.39, 0.47	0.21	0.18, 0.24
Private well	16	19.3	10.2, 36.8	12.8	8.7, 18.8	3.9	2.7, 5.6	0.48	0.34, 0.67	0.31	0.18, 0.51
p-value		0.34		0.16		0.09		0.68		0.15
Bottled water use (as of date questionnaire was administered)
Mostly/only tap	104	18.9	15.3, 23.3	10.7	9.2, 12.5	3.4	3.0, 4.0	0.45	0.40, 0.51	0.25	0.21, 0.30
Half tap/half bottled	30	12.4	8.6, 17.9	9.5	7.1, 12.7	2.4	1.7, 3.3	0.49	0.37, 0.64	0.19	0.13, 0.27
Mostly/only bottled	79	10.8	8.5, 13.8	8.1	6.5, 10.1	2.4	2.2, 2.9	0.40	0.35, 0.45	0.19	0.15, 0.23
p-value		< 0.001		0.06		0.002		0.19		0.06
2012–2015 workplace served by contaminated water district
No	164	14.5	12.2, 17.2	9.8	8.5, 11.2	2.9	2.5, 3.3	0.46	0.41, 0.51	0.22	0.19, 0.25
Yes	49	14.0	10.4, 18.8	8.4	6.6, 10.6	2.7	2.1, 3.4	0.36	0.31, 0.43	0.20	0.15, 0.27
p-value		0.72		0.18		0.52		0.003		0.67
Sex
Female	132	14.3	12.1, 17.1	8.4	7.3, 9.6	2.8	2.5, 3.2	0.43	0.38, 0.48	0.19	0.16, 0.23
Male	81	14.7	11.2, 19.3	11.7	9.4, 14.5	2.9	2.4, 3.6	0.44	0.39, 0.50	0.26	0.21, 0.32
p-value		0.52		< 0.001		0.42		0.40		0.03
Race/Ethnicity
NH White	159	16.0	13.4, 19.0	9.9	8.6, 11.4	3.1	2.7, 3.5	0.43	0.39, 0.47	0.23	0.20, 0.27
NH Non-White	27	12.3	8.1, 18.7	9.7	7.8, 12.0	2.1	1.5, 2.8	0.47	0.37, 0.60	0.21	0.15, 0.29
Hispanic	27	9.5	6.3, 14.3	7.3	5.1, 10.4	2.3	1.7, 3.2	0.43	0.32, 0.57	0.15	0.10, 0.22
p-value		0.01		0.08		0.002		0.79		0.04
Smoking status
Past smoker	82	20.9	17.2, 25.4	12.7	10.8, 15.0	3.5	3.1, 4.1	0.45	0.39, 0.51	0.29	0.24, 0.35
Never smoker	131	11.5	9.4, 14.0	7.9	6.8, 9.2	2.5	2.1, 2.9	0.43	0.38, 0.48	0.18	0.15, 0.21
p-value		< 0.001		< 0.001		0.002		0.34		< 0.001
BMI category
Normal	48	14.0	10.3, 19.0	10.0	8.1, 12.5	3.2	2.6, 3.9	0.49	0.41, 0.59	0.21	0.16, 0.28
Overweight	94	15.1	11.8, 19.4	9.7	7.9, 11.8	2.6	2.2, 3.2	0.40	0.35, 0.45	0.23	0.19, 0.28
Obese	71	14.0	11.1, 17.6	9.0	7.5, 10.8	2.9	2.5, 3.5	0.45	0.39, 0.53	0.20	0.16, 0.25
p-value		0.61		0.52		0.72		0.44		0.57
Firefighter (ever)
No	196	14.3	12.3, 16.8	9.2	8.1, 10.4	2.8	2.5, 3.2	0.43	0.39, 0.47	0.21	0.19, 0.24
Yes	17	16.0	9.9, 25.8	14.0	10.4, 19.0	3.1	2.2, 4.3	0.47	0.38, 0.58	0.25	0.17, 0.38
p-value		0.83		0.03		0.80		0.66		0.43
Military (Ever)
No	148	14.3	11.9, 17.2	8.7	7.5, 10.0	2.9	2.5, 3.3	0.43	0.39, 0.48	0.21	0.18 0.24
Yes	65	14.9	11.5, 19.3	11.8	9.7, 14.3	2.8	2.3, 3.4	0.44	0.38, 0.51	0.24	0.20, 0.30
p-value		0.89		0.02		0.97		0.29		0.23
Vacuuming frequency
Never/once a month	37	15.1	10.6, 21.4	9.5	7.3, 12.3	3.2	2.5, 4.1	0.43	0.37, 0.49	0.21	0.15, 0.28
Once a week	107	14.5	11.6, 18.1	9.3	7.7, 11.1	2.8	2.4, 3.3	0.44	0.38, 0.50	0.22	0.19, 0.27
> once a week	69	14.1	11.1, 18.1	9.9	8.2, 12.0	2.7	2.3, 3.3	0.43	0.38, 0.50	0.21	0.17, 0.27
p-value		0.80		0.90		0.51		0.95		0.83
Dusting frequency
Never/once a month	90	13.7	10.7, 17.6	8.3	6.8, 10.1	2.7	2.3, 3.3	0.43	0.37, 0.49	0.20	0.16, 0.24
Once a week	89	14.4	11.6, 17.9	10.7	9.0, 12.7	2.9	2.4, 3.4	0.44	0.39, 0.50	0.23	0.19, 0.29
> once a week	33	18.8	13.8, 25.6	10.9	8.5, 13.8	3.4	2.8, 4.1	0.44	0.36, 0.54	0.24	0.19, 0.31
p-value		0.35		0.10		0.48		0.89		0.23
Fast food consumption frequency
Never	39	17.1	11.6, 25.2	10.2	7.9, 13.3	3.3	2.6, 4.2	0.44	0.36, 0.53	0.24	0.17, 0.34
Once a month	65	14.5	11.4, 18.5	9.6	7.8, 11.7	2.9	2.5, 3.5	0.43	0.36, 0.50	0.22	0.18, 0.28
Once a week	69	15.2	12.0, 19.2	10.4	8.5, 12.6	2.9	2.4, 3.5	0.47	0.41, 0.55	0.22	0.18, 0.28
> once a week	39	11.4	7.3, 17.7	7.7	5.4, 10.9	2.3	1.7, 3.3	0.38	0.30, 0.48	0.18	0.14, 0.24
p-value		0.82		0.61		0.65		0.76		0.54
Microwave meal consumption frequency
Never	96	15.4	12.4, 19.1	9.7	8.3, 11.2	2.8	2.4, 3.3	0.44	0.39, 0.49	0.22	0.18, 0.27
Once a month	66	13.6	10.6, 17.4	10.0	8.2, 12.1	2.9	2.5, 3.5	0.45	0.39, 0.53	0.21	0.17, 0.26
Once a week	17	16.5	9.9, 27.5	8.6	5.5, 13.5	2.9	2.1, 4.2	0.37	0.28, 0.50	0.20	0.11, 0.35
> once a week	34	12.9	7.9, 20.9	8.7	5.5, 13.7	2.7	1.8, 3.9	0.41	0.31, 0.56	0.23	0.16, 0.31
p-value		0.94		0.89		1.00		0.55		0.93

Abbreviations: PFAS, poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance; N, number of observations; GM, geometric mean, CI, confidence interval; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; Total PFOS, sum of linear perfluorooctane sulfonate and sum of perfluoromethylheptane sulfonate isomers; Total PFOA, sum of linear and branched perfluorooctanoate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFHpS, perfluoroheptane sulfonate; NH, non-Hispanic.

¹There were no branched perfluorooctanoates (PFOA) detected in any samples, therefore the “Total PFOA” value represents just the linear PFOA.

²p-value from Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test.