Table 2.
Characteristics of the most commonly used BPSD instruments
| Name | N Cited | Interviewer | Interviewee | Observation | N Itemsa | Scale (n options) | Severity or frequency | Time frame | Countryb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All BPSD | |||||||||
| Dementia | |||||||||
| NPI (Cummings et al., 1994) | 2134 | CLI | INF | No | 12 | 3–5 | SEV/FRE/DIS | 4 weeks | USA |
| BEHAVE‐AD (Reisberg et al., 1987) | 642 | CLI | INF | No | 25 | 4 | SEV | 2 weeks | USA |
| CERAD/BRSD (Tariot et al., 1995) | 263 | INT | INF | Yes | 48/46 | 2–5 | SEV | 4 weeks | USA |
| BMDS (Greene et al., 1982) | 224 | SELF | INF | No | 34 | 5 | FRE | NS | UK |
| Personality Inventory (Brooks and McKinlay, 1983) | 146 | INT | INF | No | 18 | 5 | CHA | Onset | UK |
| CUSPAD (Devanand et al., 1992) | 129 | INT | INF | No | 29 | 2–5 | SEV | 4 weeks | USA |
| CPRS (Asberg et al., 1978) | 113 | INT | PAR | Yes | 65 | 4 | FRE | NS | Sweden |
| DBDS (Baumgarten et al., 1990) | 104 | INT/ SELF | INF | No | 28 | 5 | FRE | 1 week | Canada |
| All | |||||||||
| BPRS (Overall and Gorham, 1962) | c | INT | PAR | Yes | 16 | 7 | SEV | Current | USA |
| MINI (Sheehan et al., 1998) | 2586 | INT | PAR | No | 83 | 2 | — | Current | USA |
| France | |||||||||
| UK | |||||||||
| Including cognition | |||||||||
| Dementia | |||||||||
| RMBPC (Teri et al., 1992) | 416 | SELF | INF | No | 24 | 5 | FRE | 1 week | USA |
| ADAS (Mohs et al., 1983) | 170 | — | OBS | Yes | 10 | 2–6 | SEV | ‐ | USA |
| Elderly | |||||||||
| CAMDEX (Roth et al., 1986) | 981 | INT | PAR/INF | No | 333 | 2 | — | NS | UK |
| GMS/AGECAT (Copeland et al., 1976) | 283 | INT | PAR/INF | Yes | 436 | 2 | — | NS | USA |
| UK | |||||||||
| All | |||||||||
| DSM‐IV SCID (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Spitzer et al., 1992) | 1940 | CLI | PAR/INF | Yes | 297 disorders | Current | USA | ||
| Irritability/aggression | |||||||||
| Dementia | |||||||||
| RAS (Ryden, 1988) | 146 | — | OBS | Yes | 25 | 6 | FRE | Past year | USA |
| All (psychiatric settings) | |||||||||
| OAS (Yudofsky et al., 1986) | 447 | — | OBS | Yes | 16 | 2 | SEV/DUR | Current | USA |
| Agitation | |||||||||
| Elderly | |||||||||
| ABMI/CMAI (Cohen‐Mansfield et al., 1989) | 443 | –/INT | OBS/INF | Yes | 14/29 | 6–7 | FRE | 1 week | USA |
| Apathy | |||||||||
| Elderly | |||||||||
| AES (Marin et al., 1991) | 247 | SELF | PAR/INF | No | 18 | NS | USA | ||
| Anxiety | |||||||||
| All | |||||||||
| STAI (Spielberger et al., 1970) | c | SELF | PAR | No | 40 | 4 | NS | USA | |
| HSC (Derogatis et al., 1974) | 1305 | SELF | PAR | No | 58 | 4 | SEV | NS | USA |
| ASIS (Zung, 1971) | SELF | PAR | No | 20 | 4 | SEV | 1 week | USA | |
| SPAI (Turner et al., 1989) | SELF | PAR | No | 32 | 7 | SEV/FRE | NS | USA | |
| Depression | |||||||||
| Dementia | |||||||||
| Cornell (Alexopoulos et al., 1988) | 858 | CLI | INF | Yes | 19 | 3 | SEV | 1 week | USA |
| Elderly | |||||||||
| GDS (Yesavage et al., 1982) | 3428 | SELF | PAR | No | 30 | 2 | — | 1 week | USA |
| All | |||||||||
| BDI (Beck et al., 1997) | 11,252 | SELF | PAR | No | 21 | 4 | SEV | 1 week | USA |
| Hamilton (Hamilton, 1960) | 9740 | INT | PAR | No | 21 | 3–5 | SEV | NS | UK |
| HADS (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983) | 7995 | SELF | PAR | No | 14 | 5 | SEV | 1 week | UK |
| MADRS (Montgomery and Asberg, 1979) | 3741 | INT | PAR | No | 10 | 7 | FRE | NS | UK |
| Zung (Zung, 1965) | 2288 | SELF | PAR | No | 20 | 4 | FRE | NS | USA |
| PHQ (Spitzer et al., 1999) | 1425 | SELF | PAR | No | 11 | 2–4 | FRE | NS | USA |
| CES‐D (Radloff and Teri, 1986) | 416 | SELF | PAR | No | 20 | 4 | FRE | 1 week | USA |
BPSD, behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia; CLI, clinician; INT, interviewer; SELF, self‐administered; INF, informant; PAR, participant; OBS, observation only; FRE, frequency; SEV, severity; CHA, change; DIS, distress; DUR, duration; NS, not specified.
a
Number of items of the total instrument is presented.
b
Country in which the instrument has been developed.
c
First published in book form.