Table 3.
Associations Between Frailty and Risk
| Variables | All Patients | Severely Frail*N = 39 (34%) | Mildly FrailN = 53 (46%) | NonfrailN = 22 (19%) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gait Speed (m/s)† | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.61 ± 0.18 | 0.86 ± 0.23 | 1.03 ± 0.17 | <.001 |
| Chair rise time (s)† | 17.0 ± 5.5 | 21.4 ± 9.0 | 17.2 ± 3.4 | 13.2 ± 2.2 | <.001 |
| Balance test (points)† | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | <.001 |
| SPPB score (points) | 6.9 ± 3.2 | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 8.2 ± 0.8 | 10.5 ± 0.8 | <.001 |
| NYHA class | <.001 | ||||
| 1 | 7 (6) | 0 | 4 (8) | 3 (14) | |
| 2 | 39 (34) | 6 (15) | 20 (38) | 13 (59) | |
| 3 | 63 (55) | 28 (72) | 29 (55) | 6 (27) | |
| 4 | 5 (4) | 5 (13) | 0 | 0 | |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 109 (56-259) | 141 (65-274) | 108 (40-246) | 87 (54-153) | .33§ |
| BUN | 29 ± 14 | 32 ± 14 | 27 ± 13 | 26 ± 15 | .11 |
| Atrial arrhythmias | 55 (48) | 24 (62) | 22 (42) | 9 (41) | .12 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 52 (46) | 18 (46) | 26 (49) | 8 (36) | .60 |
| Prior hospitalization | |||||
| Within 1 mo | 22 (19) | 13 (33) | 7 (13) | 2 (9) | .02 |
| Within 2–6 mo | 55 (48) | 28 (72) | 20 (38) | 7 (32) | .001 |
| HFPSI risk group | <.001 | ||||
| 1 | 18 (25) | 2 (5) | 11 (21) | 10 (45) | |
| 2 | 17 (24) | 8 (21) | 22 (42) | 3 (14) | |
| 3 | 23 (32) | 12 (31) | 12 (23) | 7 (32) | |
| 4 | 13 (18) | 17 (44) | 8 (15) | 2 (9) |
HFPSI, Heart Failure Patient Severity Index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; other abbreviations as in Tables 1 and 2.
*
Severe frailty: SPPB ≤6 points; mild frailty: SPPB 7–9 points; nonfrail: SPPB ≥10 points.
†
In patients able to perform test; total numbers of patients unable: 19 (gait speed), 13 (balance), 23 (chair rises).
§
Statistical comparison based on log-transformed values.