Table 1:
Clinical Characteristics, based on Recovery Protocol
| Factor | Total | Traditional | Enhanced Recovery |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 2747 | 1495 (54) | 1252 (46) | |
| Surgical Subspecialty | ||||
| Colorectal | 663 (24) | 273 (18) | 390 (31) | |
| Gynecology | 634 (23) | 401 (27) | 233 (19) | |
| Hepatobiliary | 291 (11) | 230 (15) | 61 (5) | |
| Thoracic/Vascular | 856 (31) | 360 (26) | 466 (37) | |
| Urology | 303 (11) | 201 (13) | 102 (8) | |
| Preoperative | ||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 60 (51–68) | 60 (50–69) | 60 (51–68) | 0.742 |
| Gender, female | 1548 (56) | 856 (57) | 692 (55) | 0.296 |
| ASA score | ||||
| 1/2 | 347 (13) | 199 (13) | 148 (12) | -- |
| 3/4 | 2375 (87) | 1287 (87) | 1088 (88) | 0.270 |
| Diabetes | 360 (13) | 182 (12) | 178 (14) | 0.114 |
| Current smoker | 365 (13) | 215 (14) | 150 (12) | 0.065 |
| Dyspnea | 190 (7) | 98 (7) | 92 (7) | 0.415 |
| COPD | 128 (5) | 72 (5) | 56 (4) | 0.671 |
| HTN requiring medication | 1208 (43) | 686 (46) | 522 (42) | 0.027 |
| Disseminated cancer | 746 (27) | 443 (30) | 303 (24) | 0.001 |
| Steroid use | 82 (3) | 48 (3) | 34 (3) | 0.448 |
| >10% weight loss | 72 (3) | 46 (3) | 26 (2) | 0.102 |
| Bleeding disorder | 97 (4) | 61 (4) | 36 (3) | 0.088 |
| Preoperative radiation | 495 (18) | 240 (16) | 255 (20) | 0.004 |
| Preoperative chemotherapy | 1335 (48) | 693 (47) | 642 (51) | 0.014 |
| Perioperative | ||||
| MIS procedure | 394 (14) | 174 (12) | 220 (18) | <0.0001 |
| Wound classification | ||||
| Clean | 84 (3) | 50 (3) | 34 (3) | -- |
| Clean/contaminated | 2543 (93) | 1379 (92) | 1164 (93) | -- |
| Contaminated | 74 (3) | 38 (3) | 36 (3) | -- |
| Dirty/infected | 46 (2) | 28 (2) | 18 (1) | 0.862 |
| Operative time, minutes, median (IQR) | 218 (141–316) | 234 (152–335) | 198 (126–294) | <0.0001 |
IQR: interquartile range; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; HTN: hypertension; MIS: minimally invasive surgery