Table 1.

All Relevant Basic Research Studies That Utilized Photobiomodulation, With Wavelengths In The Red And/Or Near-Infrared Range, In Experimental Models Of Depression

Paper	Subjects	Device	Number Of Treatments	Area Irradiated	Wavelength	Pulsed Or Continuous	Irradiance	Fluence	Results
Mohammed(2016)72 Transcranial low-level infrared laser irradiation ameliorates depression induced by reserpine in rats	Rats	Diode (GaAlAs) Laser (Lasotronic Inc., Zug, Switzerland)	Daily for 1 week	Six points arranged symmetrically to ensure irradiation of the entire cortex	804nm	Continuous	0.64, 1.60, and 3.18W/cm2 for three assigned powers of laser	4.8, 12, and 24 J/point for three powers of laser	Treatment with lower power (80mW) reversed depressive effects of reserpine
Xu et al (2017)44 Low-level Laser Irradiation Improves Depression-like Behaviors in Mice	Mice	Diode laser quipped with quartz-silica fiber (FU808AD500-BD10, Shenzhen Fuzhe Technology co., Ltd.)	30 min per day for 28 days	Cerebral cortex	808nm	Continuous	23mW/cm2	Not provided	t-PBM attenuated depression-like behaviors
Salehpour et al (2016)73 Therapeutic Effects of 10-HzPulsed Wave Lasers in Rat Depression Model: A Comparison Between Near-Infrared and Red Wavelengths	Rats	Red and NIR probes derived by GaAlAs diode laser (Mustang 2000þ, Moscow, Russia)	Four times a week for three weeks	Prefrontal region	630nm (Red), 810nm (NIR)	10-Hz, Pulsed	89mW/cm2 (Red), 562mW/cm2 (NIR)	1.18 ± 0.01J/cm2 per each session, about 14.4J/cm2 over entire treatments	NIR and citalopram significantly decreased depression-like behaviors, but the red wavelength condition did not
Ando et al (2011)76 Comparison of Therapeutic Effects between Pulsed and Continuous Wave 810-nm Wavelength Laser Irradiation for Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice	Mice	Diode laser (DioDent Micro 810, HOYA ConBio, Fremont, CA) equipped with quartz-silica fiber	Single 12-min exposure of transcranial t-PBM, 4 hrs post TBI	Left frontal-parietal cortex	810 ± 2nm	Continuous, 10- Hz Pulsed, or 100-Hz Pulsed	Average = 50mW/cm2, Peak for pulsed modes = 100mW/cm2	36J/cm2	t-PBM had an antidepressant effect 4 weeks after treatment
Tanaka et al (2011)69 Infrared radiation has potential antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animal model of depression and anxiety	Rats	Infrared emitter	Acute exposure group = one session for 3 mins, Chronic exposure group = 10 sessions for 3 mins daily	Head	Emitter had highest emissivity values within 600–1600nm	Not provided	Calculated maximal irradiation intensity of 1800–2200mW	Not provided	Depressive-like behavior significantly improved in chronically exposed group
Wu et al (2012)75 Pulsed Light Irradiation Improves Behavioral Outcome in a Rat Model of Chronic Mild Stress	Rats	Diode laser	Three times a week for three weeks, 2-min irradiation time for each treatment	Midline of the dorsal surface of the head, between the eyes and ears	810nm	100-Hz, Pulsed	Average = 15mW/cm2	120J/cm2	Depressive-like behavior significantly decreased in the fluoxetine and transcranial light therapy groups
Salehpour et al (2019)65 Near-infrared photobiomodulation combined with coenzyme Q10 for depression in a mouse model of restraint stress: reduction in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis	Mice	NIR GaAlAs laser (Thor Photomedicine, Chesham, UK)	Once a day for five consecutive days, 5-s irradiation time for each treatment	Midline of the dorsal surface of the head in the region between the eyes and ears	810nm	10-Hz, Pulsed	6.66W/cm2	33.3J/cm2	PBM and CoQ10, alone or in combination, reduced depressive-like behaviors
Salehpour et al (2017)74 A comparison between antidepressant effects of transcranial near- infrared laser and Citalopram in a rat model of depression	Rats	NIR probe derived by GaAlAs diode laser (Mustang 2000+, Russia)	Four times a week for three weeks	Prefrontal region	810nm	10-Hz, Pulsed	Output power of 39.3 ± 1.1mW	1.2J/cm2	NILT and Citalopram decreased depressive-like behaviors