Table 3.

The different phenotypes acquired by the astrocytes

Phenotype	Protein (gene)	Function
Homeostatic/physiological status Human brain	GFAP Aldh1l1 S100B EAAT1, EEAT2 AQP4	Structural protein (intermediate filament) Formate oxidation Calcium-binding protein Glutamate transporters Water transporter
A1 (neuroinflammation “neurotoxic”) from rodent brain [79, 82]	Complement C3 (C3) Complement C1-inhibitor (Serping) GGTA1 (GGTA1) Interferon-inducible GTPase1 (Ligp1) Glycerol-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase 2 (Gpp2) Fibulin-5 (Fbln5) FKBP5 (Fkbp5) PSMB8 (Psmb8) Serglycin (Srgn) Amigo2 (Amigo2)	Central role in complement activation Inhibition of the complement system (belongs to serpin superfamily) Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis Resistance to intracellular pathogens Glycerol biosynthesis Maintenance of the vessel wall after injury Role in immunoregulation and cellular processes involved in protein folding and trafficking Participate in the immunoproteasomes Mediator of granule-mediated apoptosis May contribute to signal transduction
A2 (ischemia “neuroprotective”) from rodent brain [79, 82]	Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (Clcf1) Keratinocyte tranglutaminase (Tgm1) Pentraxin 3 (Ptx3, TNF-inducible gene 14 protein) S100A10 (S100a10, p11) Sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) CD109 (Cd109) Cyclooxygenase-2 (Ptgs2, COX2) Epithelial membrane protein 1 (Emp1) Solute carrier family 10 member 6 (Slc10a6) Transmembrane 4 L6 family member 1 (Tm4sf1) B3GNT5 (B3gnt5) CD14 (Cd14) STAT3 (Stat3)	B cell activation Transglutaminase enzyme Activate the classical pathway of complement and facilitate pathogen recognition Transport of neurotransmitters (serotonin), receptor for tissue-type plasminogen activator Regulates proliferation and survival Involved in degradation of TGFβ receptor 1 Promote inflammation Cell migration and proliferation Sodium-dependent transporter Role in cell development, activation, growth, and motility Enzyme Co-receptor for the detection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide Essential for the differentiation of the TH17 Helper T cells

Aldh1l1, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1; Amigo, Amphoterin-induced protein 2; AQP4, Aquaporin 4; B3GNT5, Lactosylceramide 1,3-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase; EEAT, Excitatory amino-acid transporter; GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein; GGTA1, Alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase; GPP2, Glycerol-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase 2; FKBP5, FK506 binding protein 5; PSMB8, Proteasome subunit beta type-8 (20S proteasome subunit beta-5i); STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3