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. 2019 Nov 26;10:5380. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13115-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — In vivo starvation therapy against 4T1 breast tumors subcutaneously implanted on BALB/c mice. a–c Digital photos of 4T1 xenografted breast tumors subcutaneously implanted on immune-competent BALB/c mice experiencing different treatments at 0 day and 28 day, i.e., control, Laser+GNR, Laser+hydrogel–GNR (1), Laser+hydrogel–GNR (2) and pNIPAAm, and yellow dotted ellipse indicates the tumor. b, c Time-dependent tumor volume (b) and weight (c) variation profiles of 4T1 xenografted breast tumors implanted on BALB/c mice after experiencing aforementioned different treatments. Error bars are based on SD (n = 6); **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001, which were calculated via unpaired Student’s t test in comparison to the control group. d, e Time-dependent ultrasonic images (d) and acoustic intensities (e) of 4T1 tumor before and after corresponding treatments in control (i.e., Laser+GNR) and treated (i.e., Laser+hydrogel–GNR (2)) groups, wherein Sonovue^TM microbubbles that can illuminate tumor were used to evaluate the intratumoral occlusion, and green dotted ellipse indicates the tumor, and data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3), f, g In vivo animal fluorescence images (f) and signal intensities (g) of 4T1 tumor after corresponding treatments in control (i.e., Laser+GNR) and treated (i.e., Laser+hydrogel–GNR (2)) groups and subsequent injection of different FITC-labeled dextrans with varied sizes (i.e., 70, 20, and 4 K), wherein yellow arrows and dotted circles indicate the tumor, and data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, which were obtained using student's t test. h Secretion levels of different inflammationatory cytokines obtained by ELISA analysis in 4T1 tumors after aforementioned different treatments (G1–G5) at day 10, and data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). i Quantitative variations of tumor infiltrating including macrophages (CD11b+F480+), dendritic cells (Cd11b-CD11c+) and leukocytes cells (CD45+) in 4T1 tumors after aforementioned different treatments (G1–G5) at day 10, and data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001, which were obtained using student's t test in comparison to G1. Note: G1–G5 represent control, Lase+GNR, Laser+hydrogel–GNR (1), Laser+hydrogel-GNR (2) and pNIPAAm, respectively.