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. 2019 Nov 26;9:17540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54122-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Population structure of grape phylloxera in Europe. In A, population structure results obtained with STRUCTURE³⁹ considering 774 grape phylloxera MLGs and 7 SSR loci is shown. The optimal number of genetic groups (K = 2, Eu1 and Eu2) was set considering the method of Puechmaille⁴⁰. Every MLG is shown as a vertical line, whose colour(s) indicates their estimated membership to Eu1 (red) or Eu2 (blue). Considering a critical ancestry coefficient of Q ≥ 0.80, 143 and 159 MLGs were assigned to Eu1 and Eu2, respectively (472 MLGs were considered as admixed). In B, a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) obtained from a dissimilarity matrix calculated in DARwin from genetic data (7 SSRs) from 752 MLGs is shown. MLGs assigned to Eu1 and Eu2 are indicated as red and blue dots, respectively. Admixed MLGs are shown as yellow dots. The variance explained by the PCoA1 and PcoA2 is indicated (%). In C, the neighbor-joining unweighted dendrogram obtained in DARwin considering the MLGs grouped in Eu1 (red) and Eu2 (blue) according to STRUCTURE results is shown.