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. 2019 Nov 26;9:17540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54122-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of the effect of sampling site (A), feeding form (B) and host plant (C) on grape phylloxera structure in Europe. In A, the geographic distribution of the two genetic groups obtained by STRUCTURE (Eu1 and Eu2) in the geographic range analysed is shown (AUT: Austria; CHE: Switzerland; DEU: Germany; HRV: Croatia; HUN: Hungary; ITA: Italy; ROU: Romania; SRB: Serbia; URY: Uruguay; ZAF: South Africa). Every country is represented as a circle, which size is proportional to the number of individuals sampled, and its colour represent the number of MLGs assigned to Eu1 (red), Eu2 (blue) or unassigned (admixed, yellow). In B, the percentage of grape phylloxera samples collected from leaves (green) and roots (brown) are shown for each genetic group (Eu1, Eu2). Samples from unknown origin are shown in grey. In C, the percentage of grape phylloxera samples collected from Vitis spp. interspecific hybrid direct-producers (dark red), Vitis spp. interspecific resistant grape varieties (light green), Vitis spp. interspecific rootstocks (yellow) and Vitis vinifera L. cultivars (violet) are shown for each genetic group (Eu1, Eu2). Samples collected of plants whose identity could not be confirmed are shown in grey. Map shown in A was created by using MapChart (https://mapchart.net).