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. 2019 Nov 26;9:17540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54122-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neighbor-Joining Unweighted (NJUw) dendrogram to elucidate the origin of grape phylloxera in Europe. The NJUw dendrogram was constructed in DARwin based on 4 SSR markers and considering 298 grape phylloxera MLGs (141 of Eu1 and 157 of Eu2) and 277 MLGs from the native and introduced regions (data from Lund et al.³). Individuals from Eu1, Eu2, the native range and the introduced regions are shown in red, blue, black and green, respectively. The origin of the samples of the introduced regions analysed by Lund et al.³ are indicated in green (ARG: Argentina; AUT: Austria; BRA: Brazil; CA: California; HUN: Hungary; URU: Uruguay). The dendrogram indicates three main groups (I, II and III) that agree with the three genetic groups observed by STRUCTURE at K = 3 (Eu1’, Eu2’ and NR). For simplicity, only the origin of the samples of the native range clustering in the Eu2 or Eu1 groups are indicated in black (AR: Arkansas; IN: Indiana; MA: Massachusetts; MN: Minnesota; MO: Missouri; NY: New York; PA: Pennsylvania; SD: South Dakota).