Fig. 3.

Important brain regions involved in fear, threat, and anxiety expression and modulation. Neuroimaging research indicates that the amygdala and insula are involved in the expression of fear, threat and anxiety. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is more involved in the processing and expression of anxiety and fear, whereas the rostral ACC (rACC) is more involved in their modulation. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in their modulation, especially the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC)