Table 1.
Neuronal substrates, neuroanatomical areas, and main sleep symptomatology involved in the autoimmune conditions that are associated with sleep abnormalities
| Neuronal substrate | Impaired regions | Sleep symptoms | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narcolepsy | Hypocretin deficit | Hypothalamus | Hypersomnia, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, RBD |
| Anti-IgLON5 disease | Autoantibodies, Tau deposits | Hypothalamus, brainstem | Hypersomnia, dream-enacting behaviors, RBD, Stridor, Sleep apnea |
| Kleine–Levin syndrome | Unknown | Thalamus | Episodes of hypersomnia |
| Multiple sclerosis | Demyelinating plaques | Hypothalamus, brainstem | Insomnia, RBD, Secondary narcolepsy |
| Guillain–Barré | Demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis | Unknown | Insomnia, vivid dreams |
| Anti-Ma2 encephalitis | Autoantibodies, hypocretin deficit | Hypothalamus, brainstem, limbic system | Hypersomnia, secondary narcolepsy, RBD |
| LGI1 limbic encephalitis | Autoantibodies | Limbic system | Insomnia, hypersomnia, RBD |
| Morvan’s syndrome | Autoantibodies | Thalamus, limbic system | Insomnia |
| Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration | Autoantibodies | Cerebellum | RBD |
| Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis | Autoantibodies | Unknown | Insomnia, central hypoventilation |
RBD REM sleep behavior disorder