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. 2019 Nov 26;9:316. doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0651-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Depicting this concretely, resilience is shown as having four components, a–d. a The base (in red) comprises of intrinsic (R_i) factors established from birth, e.g. genetics whose expression can be modified by experience through epigenetic mechanisms and personality factors. It represents the foundation upon which further resilience (the wall) is constructed. b On top of and emanating from intrinsic factors are the ‘structures’ (depicted by the wall) that represent the neurobiological and psychosocial ‘constructs’ through which resilience is built (R_b). These constructs and component factors are varied and interconnected (see underlying mechanisms section). c A supportive environment facilitates the processing and regulation of neurobiological and psychosocial factors that builds and promotes adaptive resilience (R_a). Therefore, the green figure represents an individual’s ability to respond and adapt, as well as address the changing needs of R_i and R_b. d Complete resilience can only be achieved in response to adversity (depicted by the pressure exerted by the water on the wall). The level of the water and the amplitude of its waveform represents the magnitude of adversity.