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. 2019 Nov 26;8(12):69. doi: 10.1038/s41389-019-0178-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — During BC progression, squamous differentiation (SqD) was often obsearved in advanced bladder cancer. Molecular basal subtypes is relatively associated with SqD than luminal subtypes. In luminal subtypes, TFAP2A expression is repressed by PPARɣ receptor. On the other hand, TFAP2A is expressed in basal subtypes due to the loss or malfunction of PPARɣ in terms of the capabilities to repress TFAP2A. TFAP2A upregulates TP63 expression and cooperates to induce SqD with TP63 as well as other factors in basal subtypes of human BC.