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. 2019 Nov 26;9:17561. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54037-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Important cofactor biosynthesis pathways of the endosymbiont. The symbiont is able to provide the cofactors (a) riboflavin and (b) pyridoxal 5-phosphate (vitamin B6) for the host. (c) The symbiont possesses panC which enables pantothenate synthesis from β-alanine and pantoate but has lost panD for β-alanine synthesis. The latter can be provided by the host via degradation from uracil.