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. 2019 Nov 26;9:17621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54098-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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High-fat fed dams were heavier than controls at conception and throughout gestation and displayed increased adiposity, hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance at E14.5. (A) Maternal body mass (g) during pregnancy in control (dark grey symbols, n = 7) and high-fat (light grey symbols, n = 9) fed dams. (B) Gonadal fat mass in control and high-fat fed dams. (C) Whole blood glucose in control and high-fat fed dams. (D) Serum leptin in control and high-fat fed dams. (E) Serum insulin in control and high-fat fed dams. (F) Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in control and high-fat fed dams. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (A) or box and whisker plots (B–F), min to max, where the centre line represents the median. Data were analyzed using a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc multiple comparisons and Student’s t-test where appropriate. *p < 0.05. Control: open boxes, (n = 7) and high-fat: grey boxes, (n = 9).