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. 2019 Nov 26;9:17621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54098-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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mDIO is associated with pro-inflammatory TLR signaling and a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in the placenta. (A) Relative mRNA levels of toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2), toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (Traf6), nuclear factor kappa B (Nfκb), tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), interleukin 6 (Il6), and interleukin 10 (Il10) in placentae of control and high-fat dams. (B) Relative mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory macrophage cell markers, chemo-attractants, and polarization factors; F4/80, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (Mcp1), colony stimulating factor 1 (Csf1), colony stimulating factor receptor 1 (Csf1r), colony stimulating factor receptor 2 (Csf2r), arginase 1 (Arg1), nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2), and the ratio of Nos2 to Arg1 in placentae of control and high-fat dams. Representative images of F4/80 positive macrophage immuno-localization in the placenta of control and high-fat dams (females are shown). Scale bar represents 100 µm. Main effects are written as text in the figure. Data were analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc multiple comparisons test. Control: open boxes, (n = 7) and high-fat: grey boxes, (n = 9). *p < 0.05.