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. 2019 Nov 26;9:17621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54098-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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mDIO promotes placental hypoxia and angiogenesis, and alters nutrient transporters. Images represent immuno-localization of CAIX, VEGF and CD31 (brown staining) in control and high-fat dams. Scale bars represent 100 µm. (A) Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) results from computerized image analysis of CAIX immunostaining in placentae of control (open bars, n = 3) and high-fat (grey bars, n = 4) dams. (B) Vascular endothelial growth factor results from computerized image analysis of VEGF immunostaining (open bars, n = 3) and high-fat (grey bars, n = 4) dams. (C) Cluster of differentiation (CD31) results from computerized image analysis of CD31 immunostaining in placentae of control (open bars, n = 3) and high-fat (grey bars, n = 4) dams. (D) Ratio of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) to CD31 in placentae of control (open bars, n = 3) and high-fat (grey bars, n = 4) dams and representative images of α-SMA (green) pericytes lining CD31 (red) endothelial cells (E) Relative mRNA levels of glucose transporter 1 (Slc2a1), glucose transporter 3 (Slc2a3), system N/A amino acid transporter 2 (Slc38a2), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4) in placentae of control and high-fat dams Control: open boxes, (n = 7) and high-fat: grey boxes, (n = 9). *p < 0.05.