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. 2019 Nov 26;9:17600. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54051-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Volcano plots showing probe-phenotype associations. (A) Probe associations for smoking status in the discovery set. (B) Probe associations for smoking status in the replication set. (C) Probe associations for sex in the discovery set. (D) Probe associations for sex in the replication set. (E) Probe associations for sex-by-smoking interaction in the replication set. (F) Probe associations for sex-by-smoking interaction in the discovery set. Probes shown in red were up-regulated in current smokers and probes shown in blue were down-regulated in current smokers in (A) and (B). Probes shown in red were up-regulated in males and probes shown in blue were down-regulated in males in (C) and (D). Probes shown in red exhibit a positive sex-by-smoking interaction in male current smokers while the probes shown in blue exhibit a negative sex-by-smoking interaction in male current smokers in (E) and (F).