Fig. 10:

In vivo passive cavitation detection measurements confirmed that stable cavitation dominated throughout ultrasound treatment at clinically-relevant conditions. Spectral amplitude (a, d) before and (b, e) after microbubble injection, for non-human primate (NHP) 1 (a, b) and NHP 2 (d, e). Spectrogram of the entire treatment session for NHP 1 (c) and NHP 2 (f). Higher harmonic emissions were detected, with no substantial increase in the broadband floor after microbubble entrance into the focal volume (white dashed lines). (g)-(h) Stable harmonic cavitation levels (black line) rose right after microbubble administration (dashed line) and remained relatively constant throughout the sonication, for both NHP 1 (g) and 2 (h). Stable ultraharmonic (blue line) and inertial cavitation levels (red line) had a moderate increase, indicating absence of violent cavitation events at MI of 0.4. Arrows indicate the time points shown in (b) and (e). (i) Average stable harmonic (black), stable ultraharmonic (blue) and inertial (red) cavitation dose during focused ultrasound treatment for NHP 1 (filled bars) and NHP 2 (patterned bars), following microbubble administration (t > 15s). Data presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 210 pulses).