Fig. 2 |. Metabolic state correlates with antibiotic lethality for both coupled and uncoupled conditions.

a, Glucose modulates growth and metabolic coupling. Cells were supplemented with 0%, 0.001%, 0.0025%, 0.01%, 0.025% or 0.1% CAA (dark to light colour) with either 0.004% (left, yellow) or 0.04% (right, blue) glucose at t₋₂ and 37°C for 2 h. Intracellular ATP and growth rate showed coupling with low glucose (yellow) and uncoupling with high glucose (blue). The dotted grey lines indicate single-variable linear regression fit. b, Antibiotic lethality was correlated with levels of intracellular ATP for all conditions. Nine antibiotics (gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ampicillin, carbenicillin and cefsulodin) were added at t₀ at 20× MIC. Survival was quantified as the log-transformed CFU of treated cells minus the log-transformed CFU of untreated cells after 3 h. c, Antibiotic lethality is independent of growth rate when growth and metabolism are uncoupled. Data from b are plotted against growth rate (x axis). In all cases, data are mean ± s.d. of four biological replicates measured on at least two independent days. For b and c, yellow and blue solid lines are the linear regression fits for coupled and uncoupled conditions individually; red dotted line is the regression fit using all blue and yellow data points combined.