Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants of the Lifestyle and Fertility (ISIS) study by female Alternative Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P)( 8 ) tertile scores (females, n 132; males, n 131)
| AHEI-P score tertile, females (range) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (42·5–65·0) | T2 (65·2–78·1) | T3 (78·6–102·0) | Overall | ||||||
| Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | P value* | Mean or n | sd or % | |
| Female age (years), mean and sd | 29·2 | 3·4 | 29·6 | 3·2 | 30·6 | 3·0 | 0·10 | 29·8 | 3·2 |
| Male age (years), mean and sd | 30·7 | 4·7 | 31·1 | 4·3 | 31·8 | 4·3 | 0·54 | 31·2 | 4·4 |
| Female race/ethnicity, n and % | 0·40 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 34 | 25·8 | 30 | 22·7 | 36 | 27·3 | 100 | 75·8 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 4 | 3·0 | 1 | 0·8 | 2 | 1·5 | 7 | 5·3 | |
| Hispanic | 1 | 0·8 | 3 | 2·3 | 1 | 0·8 | 5 | 3·8 | |
| Asian | 5 | 3·8 | 8 | 6·1 | 3 | 2·3 | 16 | 12·1 | |
| Other/unknown | 0 | 0·0 | 2 | 1·5 | 2 | 1·5 | 4 | 3·0 | |
| Male race/ethnicity†, n and % | 0·39 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 37 | 28·5 | 30 | 23·1 | 38 | 29·2 | 105 | 80·8 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2 | 1·5 | 2 | 1·5 | 1 | 0·8 | 5 | 3·9 | |
| Hispanic | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 | 1 | 0·8 | 1 | 0·8 | |
| Asian | 3 | 2·3 | 8 | 6·2 | 3 | 2·3 | 14 | 10·8 | |
| Other/unknown | 1 | 0·8 | 3 | 2·3 | 1 | 0·8 | 5 | 3·9 | |
| Female education, n and % | 0·001 | ||||||||
| Less than college degree | 11 | 8·3 | 3 | 2·3 | 1 | 0·8 | 15 | 11·4 | |
| College degree | 20 | 15·2 | 18 | 13·6 | 14 | 10·6 | 52 | 39·4 | |
| Graduate degree | 13 | 9·9 | 23 | 17·4 | 29 | 22·0 | 65 | 49·2 | |
| Male education, n and % | 0·001 | ||||||||
| Less than college degree | 17 | 13·0 | 5 | 3·8 | 3 | 2·3 | 25 | 19·1 | |
| College degree | 13 | 9·9 | 20 | 15·3 | 18 | 13·7 | 51 | 38·9 | |
| Graduate degree | 13 | 9·2 | 19 | 14·5 | 23 | 17·6 | 55 | 42·0 | |
| Annual household income‡ ($US), n and % | 0·82 | ||||||||
| <60 000 | 14 | 10·9 | 12 | 9·3 | 9 | 7·0 | 35 | 27·1 | |
| 60 000–99 999 | 13 | 10·1 | 13 | 10·1 | 15 | 11·6 | 41 | 31·8 | |
| ≥100 000 | 16 | 12·4 | 19 | 14·7 | 18 | 14·0 | 53 | 41·1 | |
| Female smoking status, n and % | 0·67 | ||||||||
| Never | 33 | 25·0 | 36 | 27·3 | 35 | 26·5 | 104 | 78·8 | |
| Past use | 10 | 7·6 | 8 | 6·1 | 9 | 6·8 | 27 | 20·5 | |
| Current use | 1 | 0·8 | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 | 1 | 0·8 | |
| Male smoking status, n and % | 0·01 | ||||||||
| Never | 24 | 18·5 | 27 | 20·8 | 20 | 15·4 | 71 | 54·6 | |
| Past use | 11 | 8·5 | 16 | 12·3 | 23 | 17·7 | 50 | 38·5 | |
| Current use | 7 | 5·4 | 1 | 0·8 | 1 | 0·8 | 9 | 6·9 | |
| Female alcohol intake (g/d), mean and sd | 4·6 | 9·6 | 7·3 | 11·2 | 5·6 | 9·3 | 0·46 | 5·9 | 10·1 |
| Male alcohol intake (g/d), mean and sd | 13.1 | 20·3 | 9·8 | 15·4 | 4·8 | 8·9 | 0·05 | 9·2 | 15·8 |
| Female caffeine intake (mg/d), mean and sd | 61·5 | 66·4 | 83·9 | 71·9 | 98·6 | 91·1 | 0·08 | 81·3 | 78·1 |
| Female aerobic activity, n and % | 0·15 | ||||||||
| <30 min/week | 11 | 8·3 | 6 | 2·3 | 3 | 2·3 | 20 | 15·2 | |
| 30–59 min/week | 12 | 9·1 | 10 | 7·6 | 9 | 6·8 | 31 | 23·5 | |
| 1–2 h week | 8 | 6·1 | 8 | 6·1 | 13 | 9·9 | 31 | 23·5 | |
| ≥3 h/week | 11 | 8·3 | 20 | 15·2 | 19 | 14·4 | 50 | 37·9 | |
| Regular menstrual cycles§, n and % | 1·00 | ||||||||
| No | 3 | 2·3 | 3 | 2·3 | 3 | 2·3 | 9 | 7·0 | |
| Yes | 39 | 30·2 | 40 | 31·0 | 41 | 31·8 | 120 | 93·0 | |
| Age at menarche (years), mean and sd | 12·8 | 1·4 | 13·0 | 1·4 | 12·7 | 1·5 | 0·71 | 12·8 | 1·4 |
| Female pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean and sd | 26·8 | 6·5 | 23·0 | 4·3 | 23·1 | 4·1 | <0·001 | 24·3 | 5·4 |
| Male BMI (kg/m2), mean and sd | 29·5 | 5·0 | 26·1 | 4·1 | 27·5 | 7·3 | 0·02 | 27·7 | 5·8 |
| Female total energy intake (kJ/d), mean and sd | 6875·1 | 2051·4 | 7091·0 | 1804·6 | 7702·7 | 2081·5 | 0·13 | 7222·8 | 1999·1 |
| Female total energy intake (kcal/d), mean and sd | 1643·2 | 490·3 | 1694·8 | 431·3 | 1841·0 | 497·5 | 0·13 | 1726·3 | 477·8 |
| Male total energy intake║ (kJ/d), mean and sd | 8437·0 | 2760·6 | 9215·7 | 2541·4 | 9545·4 | 2420·9 | 0·13 | 9072·2 | 2597·8 |
| Male total energy intake║ (kcal/d),mean and sd | 2016·5 | 659·8 | 2202·6 | 607·4 | 2281·4 | 578·6 | 0·13 | 2168·3 | 620·9 |
| Female AHEI-P score, mean and sd | 55·5 | 6·2 | 71·0 | 4·1 | 86·4 | 5·6 | <0·0001 | 72·0 | 13·8 |
| Range | 42·5–65·0 | 65·2–78·1 | 78·6–102·0 | ||||||
| Male AHEI-P score║, mean and sd | 51·5 | 6·5 | 67·6 | 4·1 | 86·6 | 7·8 | <0·0001 | 68·7 | 15·6 |
| Range | 35·3–60·8 | 61·2–75·6 | 76·8–111·1 | ||||||
*
P value for comparison across AHEI-P tertiles using ANOVA (continuous variables) and the χ 2 and Fisher’s exact tests (categorical variables).
†
One participant was missing ethnicity.
‡
Three couples who reported unknown incomes were excluded from analysis.
§
Three females were missing information on regularity of menstrual cycles at baseline.
║
Two male participants did not have complete dietary data; therefore, n 129 for total energy and AHEI-P component scores and total score.