Table 3.
Significant associations between PT indices and individual differences relating to cigarettes.
| Authors | Purpose | Substance | Significant Predictors | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes et al. (2017) | Examine e-cigarettes’ abuse liability compared to conventional tobacco cigarettes under flavor and message conditions amenable to regulation among 62 adult smokers (36 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes and E-cigarettes (E-cigs) | • IntensityO • ElasticityD |
Intensity was higher for cigarettes than e-cigs; Elasticity was higher for menthol e-cig flavor with no warning message and unflavored e-cig with reduced exposure message than cigarettes; Elasticity across all e-cig conditions was higher than for cigarettes (Indices assessed: IntensityO, Omax O, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Bidwell et al. (2012) | Quantify the relationships between demand, cigarette consumption, and nicotine dependence among 138 adolescent smokers (no report on any exclusions from analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • PmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity, Omax, and Breakpoint were negatively correlated with motivation to quit; Omax was correlated with cigarettes per day; Omax, Pmax, and Elasticity were correlated with higher modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire scores; Omax, Pmax, Breakpoint, and Elasticity were correlated with breath carbon monoxide and urinary cotinine levels (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Chase et al. (2013) | Reproduce significant associations of a cigarette PT with nicotine dependence and contrast this to a novel chocolate PT among 287 smokers aged 18–25 (237 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • PmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity, Omax, and Breakpoint predicted dependence scores on the Cigarette Dependence Scale-5; All indices were correlated with dependence scores on Cigarette Dependences Scale-5 (Indices assessed: IntensityO, Omax O, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD)s |
| Dahne et al. (2017) | Examine the interaction between depressive symptoms and change in negative affect as a function of induced mood as a predictor of cigarette demand among 104 college smokers between the ages of 18 and 21 (73 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • BreakpointO • PmaxO |
Among those with a large change in negative affect, depressive symptoms were positively associated with Pmax and Breakpoint; among those with small changes in negative affect, depressive symptoms were positively associated with Intensity (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Farris et al. (2017a) | Examine the association between psychopathology and tobacco demand in 126 non-treatment seeking adult daily smokers (111 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • ElasticityD |
Smokers with an emotional disorder and smokers with 2 or more disorders had higher Intensity; Intensity and Omax were correlated with cigarettes per day and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores; Smokers with any psychopathology had higher Intensity and Omax; smokers with a substance use disorder (SUD) had higher Intensity, Omax, and lower Elasticity (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Farris et al. (2017b) | Examine differences in demand and delay discounting and their association with smoking topography among 126 adult smokers with and without past-year psychopathology (107 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • PmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity and Omax were higher for smokers with psychopathology compared to those without; Omax was associated with number of puffs; Pmax, Breakpoint, and Elasticity were associated with inter-puff interval; for those with psychopathology, Elasticity was associated with time spent smoking (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Grace et al. (2015a) | Measure the cross-price elasticity of e-cigarettes and demand for cigarettes both in the presence and absence of e-cigarettes among 226 adults who never tried e-cigs (210 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes and E-cigs | • IntensityO • OmaxO • ElasticityD |
Intensity, Omax, and Elasticity were correlated with overall e-cig demand (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Grace et al. (2015b) | Assess the temporal stability of a PT before and after a tax increase among 226 adult smokers (210 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityD • OmaxO • Elasticity D |
Intensity and Omax were positively correlated and Elasticity was negatively correlated with cigarettes per day; Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores; Elasticity increased after tax increase (Indices assessed: IntensityD, OmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Grace et al. (2015c) | Examine whether price elasticities for smokers can predict changes in smoking after a tax increase among 357 adult smokers (211 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO, D • OmaxO, D • ElasticityD |
Intensity and Omax were positively and Elasticity was negatively correlated with cigarettes per day; Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Autonomy Over Smoking Scale, and Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavior Questionnaire scores; Intensity and Omax were positively correlated and Elasticity was negatively correlated with change in cigarettes per day after tax increase (Indices assessed: IntensityO, D, OmaxO, D, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Gray et al. (2017) | Examine the neural correlates of tobacco demand among 44 non-treatment seeking male smokers (33 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • ElasticityD | Elasticity was negatively associated with activity in the left anterior insula (Indices assessed: ElasticityD) |
| Higgins et al. (2017a) | Examine how smokers with psychiatric disorders and other vulnerabilities to tobacco addiction respond to cigarettes with reduced nicotine content among 169 smokers from 3 vulnerable populations (with affective disorders, with opioid dependence, and Socioeconomically disadvantaged women; no report of any exclusions from analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • PmaxO • BreakpointO |
Intensity was higher for those with opioid dependence than women with low socioeconomic status; nicotine dose in the reduced content cigarettes was positively associated with Intensity, Omax, Pmax, and Breakpoint (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Higgins et al. (2017b) | Examine whether PT can distinguish between women with vs. without risk factors for continued smoking during pregnancy and predict differences in quit attempts among 95 pregnant smokers (93 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO, D • OmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity and Omax were higher for those who smoked 10+ cigarettes per day (CPD) and for those with no pre-pregnancy quit attempts, Intensity and Omax distinguished between making quit attempts for those who smoked less than 10 CPD; Elasticity was lower for those who smoked 10+ CPD; Omax and Breakpoint were independent predictors of antepartum quit attempts (Indices assessed: IntensityO, D, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Hindocha et al. (2017) | Investigate how cannabis and tobacco, each alone and combined together, affected individuals’ demand for cannabis puffs and cigarettes among 24 adult recreational cannabis and tobacco co-users (no report on any exclusions from analyses) | Cigarettes and Marijuana | • OmaxO • BreakpointO |
Acute administration of active cannabis decreased Omax and Breakpoint for cigarettes compared to placebo cannabis (Indices assessed: IntensityO, Omax O, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Johnson et al. (2017) | Examine cross-price elasticity of e-cigs and nicotine gum compared to cigarettes and their ability to decrease consumption of cigarettes among 400 adult M-Turk users (326 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes, E-cigs, and Nicotine Gum | • IntensityO • PmaxD • ElasticityD |
Intensity was higher and Elasticity was lower for e-cigs than cigarettes; Intensity and Pmax were lower and Elasticity was higher for cigarettes when e-cigs were offered concurrently; cross price elasticity was higher for e-cigs than cigarettes suggesting substitutability (Indices assessed: IntensityO, PmaxD, ElasticityD) |
| MacKillop et al. (2008) | Validate a cigarette PT in 33 college smokers (31 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO, D • OmaxO, D |
Intensity and Omax were associated with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores and cigarettes per day (Indices assessed: IntensityO, D, OmaxO, D, PmaxO, D, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| MacKillop et al. (2012) | Examine whether the subjective craving from acute withdrawal and exposure to tobacco cues dynamically increases the relative value of cigarettes among 41 nicotine dependent adults (33 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • PmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Deprivation increased Pmax and Breakpoint; tobacco cues reduced Elasticity (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| MacKillop et al. (2013) | Apply a behavioral economic approach to the relationship between the price of cigarettes and the probability of attempting smoking cessation among 1124 adult smokers (1070 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • Intensity | Intensity was associated with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores (Indices assessed: IntensityO, BreakpointO) |
| MacKillop et al. (2016) | Investigate whether PT predicted response to contingent monetary rewards for abstinence among 338 adults with substance use disorders (SUD; no report on any exclusions from analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • ElasticityD |
Intensity, Omax, and Elasticity predicted abstinence in the noncontingent voucher group (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| MacKillop & Tidey (2011) | Compare smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders (SS) and control smokers (CS) on demand and delay discounting for 49 adult smokers (35 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO |
The SS group had higher Intensity than CS group; Intensity and Omax were associated with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Murphy et al. (2011) | Evaluate the construct validity of a cigarette PT among 138 adolescent smokers (no report on any exclusions from analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • PmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity was associated with motivation to change; Intensity and Omax were associated with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores; Intensity, Omax, Breakpoint, and Elasticity were correlated with cigarettes per day and modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (MFTQ) scores; students with higher MFTQ scores reported higher Omax and Pmax; students with MFTQ scores above 6 had higher Intensity than those with no dependence and had higher Breakpoint than those with moderate dependence (MFTQ scores between 3–5; (Indices assessed: IntensityO, Omax O, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Murphy et al. (2016) | Quantify the substitutability of food and cigarettes, examine the cross-price elasticity of food and cigarettes, and examine associations between weight-related variables and weight efficacy after quitting smoking among 86 adult smokers (no report on exclusions from any analyses) | Cigarettes | • ElasticityD | For those with higher perceived ability to quit smoking without gaining weight, the cross-commodity elasticity for food was higher when the cost of cigarettes increased (i.e., they were more likely to increase food purchasing) and the cross-commodity elasticity for cigarettes was lower when the price of food increased (less likely to increase cigarette purchasing; (Indices assessed: ElasticityD) |
| Murphy et al. (2017) | Evaluate the effects of varenicline vs. nicotine replacement therapy on demand for cigarettes among smokers with SUD and whether demand predicted abstinence at 1- and 3-month follow-up among 110 adults with SUD (no report on exclusions from any analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity, Omax, and Elasticity were correlated with baseline cigarettes per day; Intensity, Omax, Breakpoint, and Elasticity were correlated with baseline Fagerström scores; Initial decrease in Intensity and Breakpoint was associated with increased likelihood of abstinence on quit day and predicted longest number of days of continuous abstinence at 1-month follow-up; reduced Intensity predicted greater likelihood of abstinence at 1-month follow-up and longest number of days of continuous abstinence at 3-month follow-up (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| O’Connor et al. (2012) | Examine how current smokers might respond to a ban on menthol cigarettes using 471 adolescent and adult smokers (453 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityD • OmaxD • ElasticityD |
Intensity, Omax, and Elasticity were associated with cigarettes per day; Intensity and Omax were higher and Elasticity was lower for preferred cigarette type (menthol vs. non-menthol); Elasticity was lower for those who were likely to use black market cigarettes (Indices assessed: IntensityD, OmaxD, ElasticityD) |
| O’Connor et al. (2014) | Explore how advertising affects demand for cigarettes and potential substitutes (e.g., snus, dissolvable tobacco, and medicinal nicotine) among 1,062 adult smokers (no report on exclusions from any analyses) | Cigarettes and alternative nicotine product | • IntensityD • ElasticityD |
Intensity was positively correlated with craving; higher Intensity and lower Elasticity were associated with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and Questionnaire for Smoking Urges scores; Intensity was higher for cigarettes compared to snus, dissolvables and lozenges; Elasticity was higher for snus than dissolvables and lozenges; Elasticity for cigarettes was correlated with cross-price elasticity for alternative products (Indices assessed: IntensityD, ElasticityD) |
| O’Connor et al. (2016) | Examine how PT indices relate to quit intentions and quit attempts among 3,001 adult daily cigarette smokers (1,1194 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • IntensityD • OmaxO • PmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
All indices were correlated with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores (Indices assessed: IntensityD, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Peters et al. (2017) | Examine demand for cigarettes and marijuana independently and concurrently among 105 adult MTurk users who use both cigarettes and marijuana (82 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes and Marijuana | • ElasticityD | Elasticity for cigarettes was lower for males, lower for those with high nicotine dependence, and lower for those who smoked their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking (Indices assessed: ElasticityD) |
| Schlienz et al. (2014) | Test the reinforcement-reduction hypothesis for varenicline among 60 adult treatment-seeking smokers (52 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes | • N/A | No significant findings relating to PT indices were reported (Indices assessed: IntensityD, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Secades-Villa et al. (2016) | Explore PT indices as predictors of smoking abstinence among participants receiving cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) combined with contingency management (CM) versus CBT alone among 168 adult smokers (159 used in final analyses) |
Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • PmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity was correlated with years of smoking and breath carbon monoxide levels; Intensity, Omax, Breakpoint, and Elasticity were correlated with cigarettes per day; Omax, Pmax, Breakpoint, and Elasticity were correlated with SCID7 symptoms of dependence; all indices were correlated with Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale scores; Higher Elasticity was a significant predictor for more days of abstinence for those in the CBT & CM condition (Indices assessed: IntensityO, Omax O, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Secades-Villa et al. (2018) | Compare cigarette demand among 165 smokers with low and elevated depressive symptoms (no report of exclusions for any analyses) | Cigarettes | • BreakpointO
•ElasticityD |
Cigarettes per day and years of regular smoking predicted Breakpoint; depressive symptoms predicted Breakpoint; Elasticity was negatively correlated with nicotine dependence and depressive symptoms (Indices assessed: IntensityO, Omax O, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Smith et al. (2017) | Assess the impact of a reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes on PT for reduced content cigarettes and usual brand cigarettes among 839 adult smokers (540–773 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes and Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes | • IntensityO • OmaxO • PmaxO • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity was lower for usual brand at 6-weeks and 24-hour abstinence visits; Omax was lower for usual brand at 6-weeks; Elasticity was lower at 24-hour abstinence visit for lower nicotine content cigarettes; Intensity, Omax, Pmax, and Breakpoint were lower at 6-weeks and 24-hour abstinence visits for lower nicotine content cigarettes (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Snider et al. (2017) | Examine how individuals purchase cigarettes and e-cigs alone and in combination as a function of price and the frequency with which they currently use e-cigs among 385 adult M-turk smokers who smoke 10+ cigarettes per day (38–104 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes and E-cigs | • ElasticityD | Elasticity was correlated with more frequent E-cig use in the cigarette only and the concurrent PT in that E-cig users had higher Elasticity for cigarettes alone than those who never used e-cigs (Indices assessed: IntensityD, ElasticityD) |
| Strickland et al. (2016b) | Provide support for the validity and generalizability of an exponentiated model for cocaine, alcohol, and cigarette PT among 40 cocaine using adults (39 used in final analyses) | Cocaine, Alcohol, and Cigarettes | • IntensityD • ElasticityD |
Cigarette Intensity was higher for those with higher Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores and those with lifetime cocaine use; cigarette Intensity and Elasticity were correlated with higher Drug Abuse Screening Test scores (Indices assessed: IntensityD, ElasticityD) |
| Strickland & Stoops (2017) | Evaluate the stimulus selectivity of drug purchase tasks among 66 MTurk users (46 used in final analyses) | Alcohol and Cigarettes | • IntensityD | Cigarette Intensity was positively correlated with cigarettes per day and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores (Indices assessed: IntensityD, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Tucker et al. (2017) | Evaluate demand for very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLNC) when available independently or concurrently with regular cigarettes among 40 adult smokers (36 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes and VLNC | • IntensityO, D • OmaxO, D • PmaxO, D • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity and Elasticity were correlated with higher Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores; Intensity, Omax, and Pmax for regular cigarettes and Intensity for VLNC cigarettes were positively correlated with FTND scores; Intensity, Omax, and Breakpoint were higher for regular cigarettes; Omax and Pmax for VLNC cigarettes was positively associated with cross price elasticity (Indices assessed: IntensityO, D, OmaxO, D, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
Note.
O
denotes when indices were observed from raw purchase task data
D
denotes when indices were derived from an equation.