Table 4.
Significant associations between Purchase Task indices and substance-related correlates and outcomes.
| Authors | Purpose | Substance | Significant Predictors | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aston et al. (2015) | Examine marijuana demand using a marijuana PT among 104 non-treatment seeking frequent using adults (99 used in final analyses) | Marijuana | • IntensityO •OmaxO • ElasticityD |
Intensity was correlated with age of initiation of regular use; Intensity and Omax were correlated with frequency of marijuana use; Intensity and Elasticity were associated with more DSM2 dependence symptoms; Intensity, Omax, and Elasticity were correlated with subjective craving (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Aston et al. (2017) | Determine whether metrics of reinforcement from a marijuana PT exhibit a latent factor structure that characterized demand among 99 regular (5 days/week) cannabis smokers (no report on any exclusions from analyses) | Marijuana | • IntensityO | Intensity was associated with positive expectancies of use, craving severity, greater frequency of marijuana use, and DSM-IV dependence symptoms (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Bruner & Johnson (2014) | Examine the relation between demand metrics from a Cocaine PT and self-reported cocaine use among 86 cocaine-dependent individuals (74 used in final analyses) | Cocaine | • IntensityO, D • OmaxO, D • PmaxO, D • ElasticityD |
Intensity, Omax, Pmax, and Elasticity were correlated with money spent on cocaine daily and daily cocaine use; Pmax was correlated with cocaine purchased daily (Indices assessed: IntensityO, D, OmaxO, D, PmaxO, D, ElasticityD) |
| Collins et al. (2014) | Utilize the first marijuana PT to examine the relative reinforcing efficacy of marijuana among 61 young adult cannabis users (59 used in final analyses) | Marijuana | • IntensityO • OmaxO • PmaxO • ElasticityD |
Intensity and Omax were positively associated with marijuana use; Pmax and Elasticity were negatively associated with marijuana use (Indices assessed: IntensityO, D, OmaxO, D, PmaxO, D, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Hindocha et al., (2017) | Investigate how cannabis and tobacco, each alone and combined together, affected individuals’ demand for cannabis puffs and cigarettes among 24 adult recreational cannabis and tobacco co-users (no report on any exclusions from analyses) | Cigarettes and Marijuana | • N/A | No significant findings relating to Marijuana PT indices were reported (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Metrik et al. (2016) | Examine dimensions of marijuana’s incentive salience and compare cue reactivity-induced increases in craving and demand among 93 adult frequent marijuana users (no report on exclusions from any analyses) | Marijuana | • IntensityO • OmaxO • ElasticityD |
Intensity and Omax were correlated with cue-elicited craving; Intensity and Omax increased while Elasticity decreased after exposure to marijuana cues compared to neutral cues; Intensity significantly predicted attentional bias for marijuana vs. neutral words on a Stroop task (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Peters et al. (2017) | Examine demand for cigarettes and marijuana independently and concurrently among 105 adult MTurk users who use both cigarettes and marijuana (82 used in final analyses) | Cigarettes and Marijuana | • ElasticityD | Elasticity for marijuana was lower for those with high nicotine dependence; Elasticity was lower for women compared to men; For women, Elasticity for marijuana was higher when cigarettes were available compared to when only marijuana was available (Indices assessed: IntensityD, ElasticityD) |
| Pickover et al. (2016) | Introduce nonmedical use of prescription sedative/tranquilizer, stimulant, and opiate pain reliever PT, examine the relationship between demand and SUD symptoms, and examine sex differences among 393 college students (varying n’s used in final analyses depending on substance classification and missing data: 42–258) | Prescription Drugs | • IntensityO • OmaxO, D • PmaxO, D • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity, Omax, Pmax, and Breakpoint were correlated with sedative and pain reliever use disorder symptoms; Omax and Pmax predicted pain reliever use disorder symptoms in males; Omax, Pmax, and Breakpoint were correlated with past year and life time use of sedatives; all indices were correlated with pain reliever use and stimulant use disorder symptoms, past year & life time use for stimulants and pain relievers (Indices assessed: IntensityO, OmaxO, PmaxO, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
| Strickland et al. (2016a) | Examine the online extension of regulation of craving tasks; a cocaine PT was administered to assess relationship between demand and craving in an Internet sample of 47 cocaine users (44 used in final analyses) | Cocaine | • N/A | No significant findings relating to PT indices were reported (Indices assessed: IntensityD, ElasticityD) |
| Strickland et al. (2016b) | Provide support for the validity and generalizability of an exponentiated model for cocaine, alcohol, and cigarette PT among 40 cocaine using adults (37 used in final analyses) | Cocaine, Alcohol, and Cigarettes | • IntensityD • ElasticityD |
Cocaine Intensity was correlated with weekly and lifetime cocaine use; cocaine Elasticity was correlated with alcohol and cigarette Elasticity; males had lower cocaine Elasticity than females (Indices assessed: IntensityO, ElasticityD) |
| Strickland et al. (2017) | Evaluate demand and delay-discounting measures for marijuana and alcohol to demonstrate the specificity of marijuana relevant outcomes for predicting marijuana use behaviors among 164 MTurk users (136 used in final analyses) | Marijuana and Alcohol | • IntensityD • ElasticityD |
Intensity and Elasticity were correlated with weekly marijuana use and cannabis use disorder symptoms; Intensity predicted frequency and amount used (Indices assessed: IntensityD, ElasticityD) |
| Vincent et al. (2017) | Examine whether the reinforcing properties of marijuana varied as a function of perceived quality among 2531 young-adult nonprofit marijuana lobbying group members (683 used in final analyses) | Marijuana | • IntensityO, D • OmaxO, D • PmaxO, D • BreakpointO • ElasticityD |
Intensity and Omax were correlated with weekly marijuana use and were associated with heavier weekly use across all grades of marijuana; Intensity, Pmax, and Breakpoint increased as quality improved; lower Breakpoint was associated with heavier use for medium grade marijuana; higher Elasticity was associated with heavier use for high grade marijuana; all indices were correlated with quality (Indices assessed: IntensityO, D, OmaxO, D, PmaxO, D, BreakpointO, ElasticityD) |
Note.
O
denotes when indices were observed from raw purchase task data
D
denotes when indices were derived from an equation.