Altered glucose and insulin levels in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) hepatocyte-specific knockout (PparaHepKO) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). A: fasting blood insulin levels. B: fasting blood glucose levels. C: serum C-peptide levels. D: hepatic Fgf21 and Gys2 mRNA levels in normal fat diet (NFD) and HFD in PPAR wild-type (Pparafl/fl) and PparaHepKO mice. E: representative Periodic-Acid-Schiff staining in livers from Pparafl/fl and PparaHepKO mice. Scale bar = 100 nm. Values are means + SE. *P < 0.05 vs. NFD Pparafl/fl, #P < 0.05 vs. HFD Pparafl/fl, ^P < 0.05 vs. NFD PparaHepKO; A: n = 6 and 8 mice, Pparfl/fl NFD, HFD; n = 6 and 8 mice, PparaHepKO NFD, HFD; B: n = 16 mice/group NFD, n = 13 mice/group HFD Pparafl/fl, n =6 mice/group NFD, n = 8 mice/group HFD, PparaHEPKO; C: n = 6 mice/group; D: n = 16 mice/group NFD, 13 mice/group HFD, Pparafl/fl, n = 6 mice/group NFD, n = 8 mice/group HDF, PparaHEPKO. All circles, NFD; all squares, HFD.