Table 4.
Patient circulating plasma biomarkers
| PL | AO | CV, % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitric oxide bioavailability | |||
| Nitrate, μM | 65.3 ± 15.0 | 57.9 ± 8.5 | 11 |
| Nitrite, nM | 182 ± 21 | 213 ± 24* | 26 |
| Free radicals | |||
| EPR, AU | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 9 |
| Antioxidants | |||
| Ascorbate, µg/mL | 30.0 ± 2.9 | 45.1 ± 3.7* | 11 |
| Catalase, nmol·min−1·min−1 | 45.8 ± 6.4 | 46.2 ± 8.5 | 10 |
| SOD, U/mL | 1.56 ± 0.26 | 1.56 ± 0.23 | 9 |
| Oxidative stress | |||
| MDA, μM | 5.86 ± 0.76 | 5.64 ± 0.79 | 7 |
| Protein carbonyl, nmol/mg | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 6 |
| Antioxidant capacity | |||
| FRAP, mM | 3.75 ± 0.41 | 3.97 ± 0.41 | 5 |
| Inflammation | |||
| CRP, ng/mL | 4,429 ± 705 | 3,664 ± 520* | 6 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 5.38 ± 1.06 | 5.24 ± 0.72 | 5 |
| TNFα, pg/mL | 2.57 ± 0.41 | 2.65 ± 0.41 | 7 |
Values are means ± SE. EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance; MDA, malondialdehyde; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α; FRAP, ferric-reducing ability of plasma; superoxide dismutase, SOD; PL, placebo; AO, antioxidant; CV, mean intra-assay coefficient of variation.
*
P < 0.05 vs. PL.