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Afferent modulation and novel analgesics for pain in lower functional gastrointestinal disorders. CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator; GI, gastrointestinal; NHE3, Na+/H+ exchanger 3; PDE3, phosphodiesterase type 3; TRV130, oliceridine; µ-OR, µ-opioid receptor. [Reproduced with permission from Waldman and Camilleri (84) and Camilleri (7).]
