Simulated aortic flow waves obtained for independent changes in inflow characteristics from the 25-yr-old baseline subject and obtained for baseline subjects of different ages. A–C: flow waves obtained by varying heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), respectively, by ±1 SD from the mean value for the 25-yr-old baseline subject while all other input parameters are held at baseline values. D: flow waves obtained for the baseline subjects of different ages. bpm, Beats/min; Q, flow rate.